Legal and Ethical Issues in Counseling An Overview

Significance of the Study People in the society have the right to be safeguarded from personal and psychological harm, loss of property and misuse of power. The general safeguards of society is best optimized through successful corrections community and organizational management, rehabilitation and training programs, in conformity with legal and ethical permissions, offender and staff accountability, and fulfilling the basic requirements of the offenders. The counselors have a special task to shield from harm those who are reluctantly under its care and control; therefore, modern standards for health care, offender classification, due process, fire and building safety, nutrition, personal welfare, and clothing and shelter must be†¦show more content†¦A number of researches of twins have proved that the hereditary role to youth violence is considerable. The conduct disorder is also a rather influential predictor of violent behavior. Substance abuse also increases the risk, however, along with the baseline critical mental syndrome, the risk rises further. Physical violence amongst the children is a powerful risk factor and increases violence, threat into adulthood using various means. Psychologically, a need of empathy and disruptive personality syndrome are found to be more prevalent in delinquents than in the general population. Other mental risk factors comprise of cognitive severity, lack of management skills, and an inclination to attribute violent intention by others. Moreover, the past history of violence is a significant interpreter of future violence, as it shows that the past risk factors did build up enough to cause violent acts and that there are prospects of repetition of such acts. In the National factors, and often the collusion of multiple situational triggers may need to occur before a violent outcome proceeds. Although many dynamic and static dangers favor violent behavior, other safety factors may stop the recurrence of such events. These might comprise of having dedicated and dynamic caregivers, a community support activist or counselor, or a religious figure that forbids violent activities. Violence forecast is intrinsically imprecise since there areShow MoreRelatedMental Health Care : Intentional Misdiagnosis Of Mental Disorders770 Words   |  4 PagesOverview of the Article Many mental health counselors work with managed care organizations (MCOs) to provide services to clients. While managed care guidelines determine how counselors deliver services and what they will be reimbursed for, many counselors are upset with how limiting the guidelines are. It is a challenge for counselors when insurance reimbursement is denied because the MCOs are not honoring DSM codes (Braun Cox, 2005). Therefore, counselors tend to submit inaccurate diagnoses thatRead MoreFederal Administrative Law And The Department Of Education1185 Words   |  5 PagesEducation (ED) agency was developed to improve the school system, by collecting data on schools and teaching in an effort to build effective schools (An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education, n.d., para 4). The mission of ED continues to promote improvement in the education system by creating programs that impact all levels of education (An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education, n.d., para 11-12). The ED e stablished the federal law known as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy ActRead MoreThe Difference between Administrative and Clinical Supervision1538 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch and important findings are presented in the conclusion. Review and Analysis Background and Overview Although professional standards were promoted throughout the 20th century in a wide range of settings (Centore Milacci, 2008), it has only within the last quarter century or so that the counseling profession established a formal entity called the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) in 1981 for this purpose (Adams, 2006). A year later, the NationalRead MoreRegardless Of The State In Which They Are Operating, Mental1151 Words   |  5 PagesRegardless of the State in which they are operating, mental health counselors are held to strict guidelines and laws that aim to keep the therapist-client relationship ethical and confidential. In the video, â€Å"Legal and Ethical Issues for Mental Health Professionals, Vol 1: Confidentiality, Privilege, Reporting, and Duty to Warn,† a conversation is directed by a judge on the rules and exceptions of these four topics, and how they relate to the therapist-client relationship. Within the video , threeRead MoreCounseling Services For A Counselor1565 Words   |  7 Pagesmight need to decline to provide counseling services to some clients/students who request them. a) In what circumstances might this be appropriate and ethical and how should that process be handled by the counselor? b) When would it be unethical for a counselor to decline to provide services? Support each response with a minimum of 3 relevant ACA and/or ASCA codes and the textbook. a) There are several times that a counselor might need to decline to provide counseling services. If a counselor is notRead MoreQuestions On Entering A Legal And Ethical Course2647 Words   |  11 PagesIn this section, discuss your initial apprehensions about entering into a legal and ethical course. What have you learned that has helped attend to those apprehensions? (25 pts) My initial nervousness about taking a legal and ethics class is whole idea of analyzing legal case studies. Just the thought of studying anything that has to do with the law, makes me slightly uncomfortable. The reason for this probably stems from my lack of background knowledge on the ins-and-outs of the entireRead MoreThe Evaluation Of Boeing Management Planning Essay example1383 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Boeing Cooperation has many legal, ethic, and social responsibilities that impact their organization. This paper will discuss a few of their responsibilities and how they impact the Boeing Corporation management planning. There are also many factors that impact the Boeing companies strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Three of these factors will be analyzed and then discussed with in. With â€Å"Boeing being the world largest aerospace company and the largest manufactureRead MoreEthics, Ethical, And Ethics2630 Words   |  11 Pagespaper discussed ethics in groups and it’s correlation to ethics in counseling. The paper was broken down into five parts: introduction, definition, examples of ethical code, peer reviewed articles are discussed to include various topics such as: ethical violations, causes of these violations, biblical perspectives, management techniques, and conclusion. A description was discussed in order to assist students with a brief overview of ethics. Data from reliable sources will be illustrated. ViolationsRead More Surrogate Motherhood Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversies surrounding the idea of surrogate motherhood, by its definition, it is a course of action that goes outside natural reproduction. Although surrogacy was first brought up in the bible it is only until recently that it has actually become an issue for criticism and debate. Factors such as the growth of infertility in modern society, coupled with the declining number of children available for adoption, and the development of surrogacy contract and commercial surrogacy agencies in 1976, have resultedRead MoreThe Peer Advisor Program Is A Pilot Program2411 Words   |  10 Pagesrespiratory therapist, etc. Hands on care givers have counseling available at no cost, however, these appointments are generally scheduled two weeks out, leaving the caregiver at a loss for coping with the real daily stresses of their field. The Peer Advisor can be paged, or called; for any situation to assist the care givers with their immediate needs, such as an unexpected death, traumatic death, family crisis issues, interpersonal issues with fellow staff, management or physicians. Care givers

Marketing of Tobacco Products Essay examples - 2282 Words

Marketing of Tobacco Products Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others.(Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders, Wong page 5) One of the products that are exchanged through marketing is cigarettes. Tobacco is considered an inherently unethical product because is addictive, dangerous and causes environmental damage. Tobacco is also considered a pleasing product because its immediate satisfaction is high but sometimes has harmful effects in the long run. One of the long run effects of smoking is that four million people are killed every year and is estimated that the figure will rise to ten million by 2030†¦show more content†¦(Yach, Brinchmann, Bellet page 4, 7 and Sloman page 85).This injustice, urged the department of justice to file a civil lawsuit in 1999, against the largest tobacco companies, to recover the cost that federal government has to spend on smoking-related illness each year. However our concern here is not only about the cigarette as a product but with the ethics of cigarettes as well, that affect the social process of marketing. This is because marketing process makes things worse and is also considered as unethical, and as a result has a significant negative impact on the societal welfare. Multinational tobacco companies apply sophisticated strategies ( such as putting flavor in the cigarettes and placing cigarettes in the shops near the sweets to make them more appealing) and invest huge amounts of money for marketing, in order to establish brand familiarity and future loyalty among young peoplem, to secure profits in the long run. The tobacco epidemic is a man-made international health crisis, created and sustained by multinational tobacco corporations. (Yach, Brinchmann, Bellet page 2). Fortunately, the tobacco industrys behavior is likely to change due to the increasing legal and societal pressures. Much legislation has been imposed to tobacco firms based on codes of behavior, different government strategies and litigations, especially after 1980 where anti-smoking groups reactions, led to higher restrictions throughoutShow MoreRelatedTobacco Products : Marketing, And Sales858 Words   |  4 Pagesany store, right behind the register after a grocery list has been completed. Tobacco products are multi-billion dollar industries that thrive on the addiction of its’ consumers. Although individuals have the right to use tobacco products, the United states should ban the production, marketing, and sales because the marketing is geared towards teens and young adults, the health issues contributed to the use of tobacco are overwhelming, they’re highly addictive, and the effects of second-hand smokeRead MoreTobacco Advertisement: Why Restrict Marketing of Tobacco Products that Creates a Tremendous Amount of Revenue and Jobs in America1604 Words   |  7 Pagesrisks of using tobacco are common knowledg e. It is a known fact that if someone smokes their chance of getting lung cancer is increased drastically, yet so many Americans choose to do so. The FDA is taking steps to tighten the rules of tobacco marketing, some of these rules will include prohibiting self-service tobacco displays in stores, restricting vending-machine sales, and forbidding most free samples of tobacco products. (Reid pg. 1) These are just small hits to the big tobacco industry, butRead MoreTobacco Use Among Adolescents And Young Adults1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Tobacco use among adolescents has been increasing over the years due to marketing strategies that target adolescents and attempt to promote beliefs that influence smoking behaviors. Many of the smoking behaviors are established in adolescents and young adults who are more influenced by exposure to promotional marketing advertisements such as billboards, transit ads, and other strategies that impose acceptable social norms among their peers. According to the CDC, in 2012, 6.7% of middleRead MoreTobacco Products And Its Effects On The United States876 Words   |  4 Pagescan be found in almost any store, right behind the register after a grocery list has been completed. Tobacco companies are multi-billion dollar industries that thrive on the addiction of its consumers. The United States government should take control of tobacco companies and ban the marketing, production, and sales of tobacco. This is because health issues contributed to the use of tobacco products are overwhelmingl y high; they’re very addictive; the effects of second-hand smoke are as harmful asRead MoreThe Ethical Concerns Involving Tobacco1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe main ethical concerns involving tobacco is well known to educated Americans; however, the ethics around the marketing aspects of tobacco, especially tobacco exposure to children, are less talked about. Some of the early marketing decisions of tobacco can be traced back to one of the most renowned and valuable cigarette brands in the world, Marlboro. Marlboro first emerged onto the tobacco scene at the beginning of the nineteenth century. They originally were a cigarette brand with a female-basedRead MoreThe Dangers Of Tobacco And Alcohol Companies1576 Words   |  7 PagesTobacco and alcohol companies are more widespread than ever and are expanding their target age group in the process of them increasing profit margins for their specific company. Excessive alcohol consumption and the associated negative health effects are a major public health concern since past and more recent studies. â€Å"Almost 4% of all deaths worldwide are attributable to alcohol† (Graham 1). Also, more than half of people who are frequent smokers started prior to the legal smoking age of eighteenRead MoreTobacco Use Will Kill One Billion People This Century978 Words   |  4 PagesHistory â€Å"IF LEFT UNCHECKED, TOBACCO USE WILL KILL ONE BILLION PEOPLE THIS CENTURY (www.bloomberg.org).† One billion people is a staggering number to die from a consumer product that is widely available and promoted worldwide by the multinational company Phillip Morris International. The explosion of mainstream tobacco use and acceptance in the twentieth century began with an attitude of glamor and toughness. This approach fueled by magnetic film stars smoking in the movies between the 1920’Read MoreEssay Cash Crop: The Silent Killer847 Words   |  4 Pagesin humanity. Tobacco Companies’ love of money causes them to continue to promote and sell tobacco products even though these products are excessively harmful to their customers. During advertising campaigns, tobacco advertisers research people most likely to use their product and target that audience by mentioning the positives of using tobacco. Tobacco companies attempt to sell their products through carefully crafted messages accompanying every tobacco advertisement. In tobacco ads, advertisersRead MoreIs Marketing Really All That Ethical?1453 Words   |  6 Pages Is Marketing really all that ethical? Marketing has been used as a forefront for promoting the sale of products, and services to customers for centuries. We see examples of marketing every day channeled through mediums such as television, radio, newspapers, product packaging, and massive billboards on the side of the road. As humans, we are naturally wired to fall for the so called ‘next best product’, the ‘intriguingly eye catching packaging’, and the ‘lowest price’. However, what we are notRead MorePhillip Morrison: Marketing Case Study1156 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing case study Phillip Morrison is one of the largest corporations in the United States, and an epitome of business success. The company nevertheless sells tobacco products, which are harmful for the health of the people. This dimension of their business operations increases the complexity of attaining success for the company, in the meaning that the organization has to employ powerful marketing tools to promote its products. The previous pages have revealed analyses of the company and

Leadership free essay sample

Examines need for ownership management to focus on leadership concepts in order to influence the direction of the organization. (more) Leadership free essay sample Parson identify as obstacles to growing Linear Systems in the mid-nineties; and what kinds of change strategies did he develop at Linear Systems? 1 ) According to the case, I think there are two main problems as obstacles to growing Linear Systems in the mid-nineties. One of the problems is the law enforcement agencies would not like using digital technology to generate data. Because they think it was easy to alter or multiply the data.This risk will threatened a departments credibility and potentially expose It to liability, especially It will damage o film-generated photographs, videocassettes or CDC. The other one Is the dealt technology was easy to become commoditized and customers would not to pay for support and service the Linear Systems which provided by Parsons company. When the digital photography accept the Liner as a new technology. At the same time, customers also respect this new equipment as well as use of this equipment. First, at the most basic level, meta-analysis allows us to estimate the more precise magnitude of the relationship between transformational leadership and follower individual performance than any of the primary studies included in the meta-analysis. While theory suggests that transformational leadership is associated with higher levels of performance from followers, prior meta-analyses have provided limited information about the size of this relationship. Thus, the first purpose of our article is to provide a more precise estimate of the relationship between transformational leadership and follower individual performance and to examine the generalizability of this relationship across settings. Second, when Bass (1985) initially suggested that transformational leadership motivates followers to perform â€Å"beyond expectations,† researchers were only beginning to differentiate between various types of performance criteria (Austin Villanova, 1992). Thus, the exact meaning of â€Å"performance beyond expectations† was not clearly specified. On one hand, transformational leadership may motivate followers to work harder, exerting more effort than would be expected from transactional leadership and resulting in higher levels of task performance. On the other hand, Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer (1996) have proposed that transformational leadership motivates followers to go beyond the minimum requirements of their job descriptions, resulting in higher levels of contextual performance. Finally, the focus of transformational leaders on challenging the status quo suggests that performance beyond expectations may result in higher levels of creativity and innovation among followers. Despite the fact that primary studies have examined the relationship of transformational leadership with task, contextual, and creative performance, none of the prior meta-analyses on transformational leadership have estimated the magnitude of these relationships. Thus, the second purpose of our meta-analysis is to investigate the relative impact of transformational leadership on follower task, contextual, and creative performance. Third, transformational leadership theory suggests that transformational leadership is related not only to individual follower performance but also to erformance at the group and organization levels (Bass, 1985; Conger Kanungo, 1998; Shamir, House, Arthur, 1993). However, no previous meta-analysis has provided a comparison of the relationship of transformational leadership with performance at all three levels. DeGroot et al. (2000) provided initial evidence that transformational leadership is positively related to team performance, but this analysis was based on a limited number of primary studies on team performance (k = 7). Judge and Piccolo (2004) identified a larger number of primary studies examining the relationship between transformational leadership and performance at the group and organizational levels (k = 41), but they combined these studies in Downloaded from gom. sagepub. com at PORTLAND STATE UNIV on December 5, 2012 Wang et al. 229 their meta-analysis, reporting the relationship between transformational leadership and group/organization performance. However, individual, group, and organization performance is likely influenced by different factors and through different mechanisms (Dansereau, Cho, Yammarino, 2006). As a result, the magnitude of the relationships of transformational leadership with performance at the three levels of analysis may differ (Yammarino et al. , 2005). Thus, a third purpose of our study is to estimate and compare the relationship of transformational leadership with individual, group, and organization performance. Finally, one of the most interesting theoretical claims of Bass (1997) is that transformational leadership has one-way augmentation effects over transactional leadership. That is, transformational leadership is hypothesized to predict follower performance beyond the effects of transactional leadership. Yet this proposition has not been systematically examined in predicting follower performance across performance criteria and levels of analysis. A small number of primary studies by Bass and his colleagues (Bass, Avolio, Jung, Berson, 2003; Howell Avolio, 1993) examined and found support for the augmentation effects at the group and organizational levels. Furthermore, Judge and Piccolo (2004) showed that transformational leadership had an augmentation effect on employee attitudes over contingent reward but no effect on leader job performance, suggesting the existence of possible boundary conditions of the augmentation hypothesis. Judge and Piccolo did not test the augmentation hypothesis for follower performance. Accordingly, the generalizability of the augmentation effect remains unclear across levels of analysis and across various performance criteria (task and contextual performance). Thus, the fourth purpose of our research, testing the generalizability of the augmentation effect, will allow us to not only test the overall validity of transformational leadership but also potentially make critical refinements to the theory. In sum, after decades of research on transformational leadership, the number of primary studies that link transformational leadership and performance is sufficient to allow us to better understand this relationship across criterion type and levels of analysis. This research has the potential to clarify the precise ways in which transformational leadership impacts performance and may increase the practical utility of transformational leadership theory (Corley Gioia, 2011). Moreover, by comparing the relative effects of transformational and transactional leadership on different types and levels of performance, we can learn more about how these two types of leadership may work together to facilitate both effective performance across types and levels. Downloaded from gom. sagepub. com at PORTLAND STATE UNIV on December 5, 2012 30 Group Organization Management 36(2) Hypotheses Transformational Leadership and Follower Performance at the Individual Level According to Bass (1985), transformational leaders exhibit four primary behaviors. First, through the behavior of inspirational motivation, transformational leaders develop and articulate a shared vision and high expectations that are motivating, inspiring, and challenging. Second, transformati onal leaders exhibit the behavior of idealized influence, serving as a role model by acting in ways that are consistent with the articulated vision. Third, transformational leaders intellectually stimulate their followers to challenge existing assumptions and solicit followers’ suggestions and ideas. Finally, through the behavior of individualized consideration, transformational leaders attend to the needs of their followers and treat each follower as a unique individual, thereby fostering feelings of trust in and satisfaction with the leader (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman, Fetter, 1990). Taken together, these transformational leadership behaviors are expected to motivate followers to perform at higher levels.

Pagbasa at pagsulat sa ibat ibang disiplina free essay sample

Prominent theories of democracy, both classical and modern, have asserted that democracy requires a distinctive set of cultural values and orientations from its citizens. 1 Although most political scientists generally agree that cultural values can have certain impacts on political processes in different societies, they disagree on the following three issues: 1) which particular cultural orientation can influence political processes in different societies. 2 Is there an â€Å"Asian Culture† that shapes political processes in such societies; 2) what specific cultural orientation influences political process and how do specific orientations exert their influence over the political process,3 and 3) whether culture has independent effects on political processes. 4 In this paper, I am trying to provide a preliminary answer to these critical 1 {Almond Verba 1963 #18}. 2 . (Almond and Verba1989a; Almond and Verba1989b; Inglehart, Ronald. 90a. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 90a). ; Inglehart, Ronald. 97. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in Forty-Three Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 97). We will write a custom essay sample on Pagbasa at pagsulat sa ibat ibang disiplina or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ; Inglehart, Ronald. The Renaissance of Political Culture. American political science review Vol, 82 No. 4 (88). ; Inglehart1977; Putnam2000; Putnam, Robert D. 93. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 93). ; Gibson, James L. Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance be Least-Liked? American Journal of Political Science Vol. 36 No. 2 (92). ; Gibson, James L. and Duch, Raymond M. Anti-Semitic Attitude of the Mass Public: Estimates and Explanations Based on a Survey of the Moscow Oblast. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 56 No. 1 (92). ; Gibson, James L. , Duch, Raymond M. , and Tedin, Kent L. Democratic Values and the transformation of the Soviet Union. Journal of Politics Vol, 54 No. 2 (92). ; Gibson, James L. and Duch, Raymond M. Emerging Democratic Values in Soviet Political Culture. In Public Opinion and Regime Change: The New Politics of Post-Soviet Societies, eds. Miller, Arthur H. , Reisinger, William M. , and Hesli, Vicki L. (Boulder, Colo. : Westview, 93) . ). 3 Almond and Verba argue that political culture influences democratic consolidation, other scholars believe that political culture can influence democratic transition. Still others believe that political culture influences the way democracy works in different societies. 4 For the argument that the political culture has independent effects on political processes, see (Laitin, David D. and Wildavsky, Aaron. Political Culture and Political Preferences. The American Political Science Review Vol. 82 No. 2 (88). ; Pye, Lucian W. Political culture revisited. Political psychology Vol, 12 No. 3 (91). ; Wilson1992; Inglehart, Ronald. The Renaissance of Political Culture. American political science review Vol, 82 No. 4 (88). ). For the critique of cultural theory, see (Jackman, Robert W. and Miller, Ross A. The Poverty of Political Culture. American Journal of Political Science Vol, 40 No. 3 (96). ; Jackman, Robert W. and Miller, Ross A. A Renaissance of Political Culture. American Journal of Political Science Vol, 40 No. 3 (96). ). The study of urban politics has come to focus on urban policy studies rather than on the differentiating characteristics of urban areas themselves. Yet, the urban-rural cleavage is still one of the most profound sources of differentiations in political behavior, not only in the United States, but in other areas of the world. Cultural Impacts on Political Processes In this section, I am going to demonstrate how cultural values influence political processes. The first generation of culturalists argued that certain cultural values, such as political interests, knowledge of governmental processes, political efficacy, and trust are important because they facilitate participation. Differences in the distribution of these important values between â€Å"traditional† and â€Å"modern† societies should be, at least, partially responsible for differences in the level of participation by citizens in different societies. When people in traditional society acquired â€Å"democratic orientation,† the level of political participation in that society increase which in turn will press political leaders to further â€Å"open the society up. † 16 This line of reasoning, it seems to me, is built largely on the institutionalist assumption. It assumes that the behavioral logic for people in different societies is identical. The differences among people in different societies more often lie in whether 16 (Nie, Norman H. , Powell, Bingham G. Jr. , and Prewitt, Kenneth. Social Structure and Political Participation: Developmental Relationships, Part I. American Political Science Review Vol, 63 No. 2 (69). ; Nie, Norman H. , Powell, Bingham G. Jr. , and Prewitt, Kenneth. Social Structure and Political Participation: Developmental Relationships, Part II. American Political Science Review Vol, 63 No. 3 (69). ). 25 they understand particular governmental processes and whether they are efficacious. People are characterized either as parochial who are not aware of the impacts of politics on their life, or subjects who do not think they can influence political processes, or citizens who are aware of their own rights and believe they are capable of participating in politics. When parochial and subjects acquire psychological resources to become citizens, the behavioral logic identified by rational choice theorists–to maximize utilitywill prompt them to participate in politics. But such an argument is only partially a cultural one. By assuming the behavioral logic of people in different societies to be identical, scholars fall into the institutional trap. What has been forgotten by the first generation of culturalists is that the behavioral logic for people in different societies may be different and such differences can have significant consequences on various aspects of political life. We agree that institutional change will eventually alter the behavioral logic of people in traditional society, but our analyses presented in the previous section suggests such change does not occur over night with simple changes in institutions. Specifically, we expect political culture as exemplified by norms influences political processes in the following ways. First, people’s orientation toward authority and collectivism shape their perception of â€Å"good government. † Since democratic ideas have become widespread globally after the â€Å"third wave† of democratization, every government, even the most authoritarian ones, packages themselves as being a certain form of democracy, we can expect these norms should help shape people’s 26 understanding of democracy. Those who see authority relationships as hierarchical should be more likely to understand democracy in terms of paternalistic care by government of its own citizens, rather than as an institutional arrangement for people to choose government leaders and to supervise their behavior. To them, democracy means government officials soliciting people’s opinion before making decisions and taking their interests into consideration when making decisions with regard to the country. Alternatively, those perceiving proper relationships with authority as reciprocal are more likely to perceive democracy as a procedural arrangement for them to participate in politics and more importantly, as providing citizens with rights to constrain government behavior. For the same reasons, we can expect a similar division between individualistic and collective orientation. Secondly, we would expect that such norms should influence the intentions of people to get involved in unconventional political action. It is reasonable to argue that a collective and hierarchical orientation may make political actors either give up their own interests for those of certain collective entities or believe it is not proper for them to burden those in power with their private interests. Such orientations, however, do not prevent people from participating in politics. Instead, they establish a threshold that limits the choice of political actors in their private interest articulation. We thus expect that people with these two traditional norms are unlikely to engage in and approve unconventional political actions. Finally, we expect that tolerance for bad behavior by government varies for people with different psychological orientations. Those perceiving proper relationship 27 with authority as hierarchical and those with a collective orientation should be more likely to tolerate their government than others, even if it is not responsive, nor provides them with good policies or honest officials. In the former case, they are more willing to believe there is a reason behind such bad behavior and the government either will take care of their long term interests and/or will take care of their interests later on. For the latter, although certain policies may jeopardize their interests, they may be willing to give up their private interests for a collective entity rather than withdraw their support of the government. For people with a different orientation, however, the relationship with authority may be perceived as reciprocal–when they delegate power to the government to rule, they expect the government to have an obligation to deliver what they want. If the government fails to deliver, they will withdraw their support. We thus expect such an orientation also influence whether people trust their government in different societies. Do people’s orientation have any impacts on their understanding of democracy? To explore this question, I recoded the answer to the question asking the meaning of democracy into two categories. The answers perceiving democracy in terms of paternalism are coded into -1 and the answers perceiving democracy in terms of procedures, participation, and rights into 1. We then added all answers together to create an index. Positive values in the index tells us that people perceive democracy in terms of procedures, participation, and rights. Zero means the answer given by the respondents are mixed. As is continually argued, a sense of rights of ordinary citizens is at the center of 28 modern democracy. Only when political actors perceive democracy as an institutional arrangement for them to excise their right to choose governmental leaders and/or to participate in the decision making process can we expect democracy in a society to function properly. We thus code the answers which sees democracy as a right as 1 all the others, including missing values as zero and use it as another variable that measures people’s understanding of democracy