The Writers of the Beat Generation and their Role in Rebellion and Research Paper

The Writers of the Beat Generation and their Role in Rebellion and Reflection - Research Paper Example This research paper describes the Beat Generation, that was a period in American history where writers broke through the barriers of censorship, and were able to present views that explored the taboos of the time and helped to spur on a revolution. The purpose of this essay is to look at the revolutionary nature of the Beat Generation, particularly the writers from this period in American history, and consider the way in which these writers presented views that were controversial. In addition, the researcher of this paper considers the ways that the writers spurred on rebellion within their environment, which had previously been subject to high levels of censorship. The approach of the researcher to examining this topic consists of multiple aspects presented. This capstone essay also considers the ways in which the Beat Generation succeeded, and where it failed. The first aspect will be to examine literature and research that has been done on this time period to consider the way in w hich the writing and behavior of the Beat Generation would have been understood within its context. The second component is examining the literature itself, and also responses to this literature within peer-reviewed papers. All information gathered will be directly related to the thesis in an attempt to provide strong support for the argument. One approach that may be taken is to consider a few specific authors from this period and to consider the way that their work contributed the rebellion and revolution in this period. Thesis Statement: The Beat Generation was a period in American history where writers broke through the barriers of censorship, and were able to present views that explored the taboos of the time and helped to spur on a revolution. Preliminary Annotated Bibliography Arthur, Jason. Allen Ginsberg’s Biographical Gestures. Texas Studies in Literature and Language. (2010). 52.2, 227-446. Print. This journal article is an interesting examination of the biography published by Allen Ginsberg in 2006, who is one of the most well-known Beat Generation. The author discusses in detail the approaches that Ginsberg takes in crafting his biography, and what is interesting about these approaches. This article provides a useful examination into the way a prominent Beat Generation writer is perceived both by himself and by an outside observer a significant time after his generation has passed. Huddleston, Diane M. The Beat Generation: They Were Hipsters Not Beatnicks. Department of History semi nar paper. Western Oregon University, 2012. Web. This capstone paper considers the ways in which the Beat Generation succeeded, and where it failed. The author considers the motives of this generation and how their intent was misunderstood by the society around them. One important aspect about this piece of literature is it considers the way that the Beat Generation and its impacts progressed through San Francisco, providing detailed information about critical events during this time. Lagaron, Elizabeth M. â€Å"Blessed are the Pure of Heart† Variations on Magical Realism in the Beat Generation: Pathways to Critique and Resistance. Dissertation. University of Kansas, 2009. Web. This dissertation provides an in-depth examination of various aspects of the Beat Generation, including literary works, and considers how magical realism was applied through their work. The author focuses on three key writers from the Beat Generation, Diane di Prima, Elise Cowen and Jack Kerouac. The a uthor also considers the influence of this on the social realities that the authors faced, something that is highly relevant to this paper. Peters, Nancy J. The Beat Generation and San Francisco’s Culture of Dissent. In, Reclaiming San Francisco: History, Politics, Culture. James Brook, Chris Carlsson, Nancy J. Peters eds. 1998. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books. Print. This article considers the impact that the Beat Generation had on a specific area of the United States. Peters examines the way in which San Francisco’s culture led to the prevalence of such dissent, and likewise considers the way that the Beat Culture shaped San Francisco. The article also discusses specific pieces of literature that appeared within the period, and chronicles some of the important events. Pokharel,

Animal Research In Psychology Health And Social Care Essay

Animal Research In Psychology Health And Social Care Essay Throughout its short history of recognition as a legitimate experimental field of study (in 1879 when Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated to psych research) and subsequent diversification into specialised areas, psychology has utilised and in some cases depended upon the use of non-human animals in research. For just as long, this practice has been contested. Views on the subject of animals in research are polar opposites and the debate appears to hinge upon two issues, first does the scientific use of animals lead to valid, useful and relevant results, and secondly, is it permissible for one species to cause pain, suffering and death to another to achieve aims that primarily benefit the former species? Answering these two questions is fraught with difficulty, not least by virtue of the many different variables that require consideration. To answer in the negative as to the utility or practicality of outcomes should leave the matter there, and the use of animals in research discounted, however, as in all scientific research, conclusions can not be drawn from a single instance, and successes in some experiments while there may be failures in others is not conclusive evidence. Further the validity and usefulness of results may be subjective; it is not unusual for scientific studies to be challenged years later on, nor methodology found to be flawed. To answer the first proposition in the positive brings us crashing to the hurdle of the second, much debated issue of whether animals are conscious, moral beings to whom rights should be accorded. Even the question of whether the animal model is an appropriate comparator with humans requires the involvement of animals in the research. The word research carries with it a somewhat negative connotation, and conjures images of secretive men in white coats with unfamiliar surgical implements and ulterior motives. Many people may be surprised by how much research is conducted outside of the laboratory and by whom, so one of the barriers to understanding the role of animals in research is a dated perception based loosely on poor historical practices or B-grade horror films. Research involving animals is varied in both its nature and purpose, in the types of animals involved and in the effect that it has on them. Some psychological research could be described as having negligible impact on the animal, for example observation studies in natural settings. Other experiments may actively engage animals in all manner of degrees, and although it is the most extreme of these (such as those involving mistreatment or torture) which raise the ire of those in opposition to use of animals in research, detractors rarely draw the disti nction with those experiments that are of specific benefit to animals or the preservation of the species, this includes advances in the field of veterinary science. Also escaping consideration is the fact that psychological research using animals has been instrumental in the training and study of medical assistance and companion animals, and in the development of pet therapy, all of immense benefit to humans. Humans seem to be selective in their outage. Researchers argue that behavioural studies using animals can provide an insight into the behavioural processes of humans and other species (Herzog).It can be argued that psychology, as a science of behaviour and mental processes, includes, by necessity, the study of animals to help researchers better understand how animals, both human and non-human, develop and function. The practice of using animals in research has allowed for significant advances across the fields which make up the science and has been central to the development of psychological theories. Without animals, comparative psychology is unviable, and researchers understanding of cognitive processes, evolution, social and mental development, and the ability to treat psychological dysfunction is severely compromised. The devil, however, is in the detail. The use of animals in psychological research has come under increasing scrutiny over the last 50 years. Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s Harlow was conducting controversial isolation experiments with monkeys which involved the total isolation of the animals for up to 24 months. Not surprisingly the animals emerged emotionally disturbed from the experience. (Harlow) This reignited the ethical debate regarding animals in research among scientists and academics and illuminated the fact that there was a sliding scale of belief or justification for the practice. (Bowd). The anti-vivisectionist movement which grew up around professionals like Singer, Benson and Clark in the mid 1970s had a huge impact on the medical and scientific communities, accusing researchers of cruel treatment of animals while delivering few practical applications (Bowd). Singer was especially critical of behavioural research stating simply either the animal is not like us, in which case there is no reason for performing the experiment; or else the animal is like us, in which case we ought not to perform an experiment on the animal which would be considered outrageous if performed on one of us. (p. 52, Singer) Experiments involving the infliction of pain or suffering on animals was receiving particular attention and M.A. Fox, who was a defender of experimentation, defined criteria emphasising the benefit to scientific knowledge, limiting the negative effects on the animal, and the exploring of other equally effective alternatives to the use of animals.(Bowd) Still, there were others who, not satisfied with this concession, further constrained this criteria. Bowd () contends that whether a procedure is inherently objectionable depends upon an analysis of the needs and nature of each species, in essence, Rollins rights principle ( Rollins 1985 in Bowd). Emerging from this however was a general consensus that research where the benefit to humans was outweighed by the cost of animal suffering (a utilitarian approach) was unnecessary and should be deplored. Whether by sheer coincidence, or in response to public concerns (and bad publicity) stirred up by the anti-experimentation lobby, professional associations with an interest in research began to release their own codes of ethical conduct and dedicated guidelines regarding the use of animals (American Psychological Association, 1981; British Psychological Society, 1986; Canadian Psychological Association, 1986). In most jurisdictions this is now supported by legislation and or Government issued codes of practice. In Australia, it has been left to the individual states and territories to regulate and oversee the use of animals in research, there being an absence of Commonwealth legislation. This is achieved through the instrument the Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (the Code), developed by the National Health and Medical Research Council. The Code utilises what is termed as the 3 Rs approach: replacement (with other methods), reduction (in number s), and refinement (of techniques). Several general principles which govern the use of animals in education and research have been adopted in many countries as the benchmark procedures aimed at minimising the use of animals in research. These developments may reflect an attempt to reign in the debate and to put it back into the science domain where it belongs. The sustainability of animal research is reliant on the preservation of scientific integrity and due deference to ethical concerns, and in this respect the Code and legislation strike a reasonable balance. Regulation attempts to monitor and define the way research is conducted and achieves this end by the assessment of each individual aspect of the proposed experiment. The systematic scrutinisation of factors such as species and number of animals involved, methodology and types of procedures proposed, general care and accommodation of animals and so on, coupled with the exploration of alternative means of carrying out the research aims to safeguard against the traditional criticisms of animal research. Issues of pain and distress It is no doubt inevitable that there will still be experimentation in which the animal is subjected to some discomfort or even pain, however the Code provides some guarantee that this would only occur where such research is essential, of wide application and benefit to humans, no other viable alternative to the procedure has been identified, and such pain or discomfort would be minimised as much as was possible. Animal research, as a valuable tool in the science of psychology cannot be discounted. The current situation with respect to methods, technology and oversight is markedly different to that preceeding the 1970s and concerted efforts have been made to limit the negative impact of research on test subjects. It is in this atmosphere that the viability and suitability of the continued use of animals in research can be more forcefully argued. Animal research has contributed to efforts to sustain both humans and animals as a species. It has been responsible for enhancing humanitys knowledge about brain function, emotion, learning and language, and led to the development of biochemical and behavioural therapies. The impact of this knowledge resonates today. The advancement of understanding should not be punished by the sins of the past, therefore providing the proposed research meets the benchmarks set by the Code and legislation, there is no reason why it ought not to proceed. Evidence may well emerge many years later to alter that view, but it is most likely to come only as a result of animal involvement in research. The current evidence suggests that with due consideration to the benefits accruing to all animals, dispensing with animals in research is incommensurate to the perceptible risks associated with their use today.

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

I personally find the book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn to be a anti-racist book. That is my opinion for these reasons, it was one of the first books of it’s day to show a black man as a true person. Secondly it showed the truth of how cruel southern society was. And last, the realism the book tried to show throughout the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was one of the first books of it’s day show a black man as a true person. There are many examples of this throughout the book, such as when Jim discusses his family and how he wants to go be with them. Jim also shows feeling, for example when Huck and Jim get split up on the rafts Jim worries about Huck, and is concerned for him. Jim also show honesty and dedication, an example is towards the end of the book when Jim sacrafices his freedom to help Tom and the doctor after Tom has been shot. So you see the book shows that black people are human beings that have emotions and feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book also shows the true cruelty of southern society. There are many examples of this in the book. Like the Sunday school discussing how setting blacks free was a deadly sin. And the constant negro sales throughout the book. And how black people had no respect and weren’t looked upon as human beings. So what Mark Twain is trying to tell the reader is how cruel the south was to blacks and how ridiculous the southern society was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think the book also tries to show realism of what the south was like during it’s slave years. Many people think that when Mark Twain uses the word â€Å"Ni__er† he is being racist. But really Twain is trying to

Negative Consumer Behavior Essay

To fully understand what negative consumer behavior is and what makes a bad customer, we first have to understand what â€Å"consumer behavior† is. In their book, â€Å"Consumer Behavior: Concepts and Strategies,† Berkman and Gilson (1981) say that the American Cultural System, which is made of values and artifacts, strongly influences consumer activity in the United States. â€Å"In the twentieth century, American Culture reflected a distinct consumption ethic based upon affluence and gratification of desires through material acquisition† (Berkman and Gilson, 1981). Consumer Behavior is defined as â€Å"the activities of people engaged in actual or potential use of market items-whether products, services, retail environments, or ideas† (Berkman and Gilson, 1981). Thus, there are unlimited types of behaviors that the consumers can exhibit making it difficult to distinguish between good and bad consumer behavior. Sometimes, a consumer behavior that maybe considered negative in one market place can be considered positive in another. Shoplifting for example. â€Å"Some 800,000 times a day, this tableau of temptation, fear and exhilaration plays out in the humdrum aisles of department stores and supermarkets† (Adler, 2002). Shoplifting without a doubt is a type of negative consumer behavior since this behavior costs department stores and supermarket thousands of dollars every day. Yet in the February 25, 2002 â€Å"Newsweek† article written by Jerry Adler, Brandy Samson, the manager of a jewelry and accessories store in the Sherman Oaks California Fashion Square, sees shoplifting in a positive way by using it to understand what it is that the consumers want. She continued to say â€Å"We know what’s hot among teens by seeing what they steal† (Adler, 2002). Though shoplifting has negative effects for one type of market it is a positive consumer behavior in another like the security and protection market. The rise in shoplifting incidents will lead storeowners to increase their spending on security devices like cameras and sensor tags for clothing. Kelly Barron, the author of the article â€Å"Your money or your life? Crime rates are down. Are Americans overspending for security?† says that  even though crime rates have been decreasing over the past years, revenues in the security business are on the rise. â€Å"Americans keep buying more and more protection. Revenues for the security industry have risen 46% over the past five years, to an estimated $57 billion† (Barron, 1997). The vast increase of credit card use has given birth to yet another type of this complex consumer behavior that can be categorized as the compulsive buyers. In their study, James A. Roberts and Eli Jones, say that â€Å"the consumer culture is defined as a culture in which the majority of consumers avidly desire, pursue, consume, and display goods and services that are valued for non-utilitarian reasons, such as status (power), envy provocation, and pleasure seeking† (2001). Such behavior has both positive and negative outcomes. In one hand, the rise of consumer spending increases revenues for certain goods and services. In the other hand, the same behavior increases debt. â€Å"For the first three month of 1999, consumer spending increased at an annualized rate of 6.7 percent. Purchases of durable goods, non-durable goods, and services all registered healthy gains. During the same period, savings reached an all-time low of -0.5 percent† (Roberts and Jones, 2001). Roberts and Jones noted in their study that past research shows that credit cards facilitate spending and that college students were found to spend more at a given store if the store accepted credit cards as a mode of payment. It was also noted that such compulsive buying activities was a significant reason for the large number of credit card debt and personal bankruptcy filings. Roberts and Jones acknowledge that earlier studies have found that students with high debt earn lower grades, and have higher probabilities of dropping out of school. You would think that educational organizations would limit the access of credit card vendors into a college campus. However, what is happening is exactly the opposite. â€Å"Four of five universities allow on-campus solicitations for credit cards and charge credit card vendors between $175 to $400 per day to rent tables during freshman orientation. Schools also receive a percentage of all student charges when they authorize the issuance of an affinity card† (Roberts and Jones, 2001). So is compulsive buying behavior negative or positive? There are however some consumer behaviors that are easy to distinguish from being negative or positive. The abusive customer for example, is a type of consumer that is never satisfied that induces high amounts of stress on the employees. Those who have worked in retail and customer service have probably dealt with such consumers. Working in a clothing store has given me the opportunity to experience the stress created by dealing with the so-called â€Å"abusive customers.† This negative behavior creates a conflict between customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction. â€Å"The consumer satisfaction category has the main position in marketing theory and is based on the premise that the profit is made through the process of satisfaction of consumers’ demands†¦researchers continually confirm a significant correlation between satisfaction and repeated buying, greater brand loyalty, and spreading a positive opinion of the product† (Dubrovski, 2001). Customer is indeed important to the success of a business, but so is employee satisfaction. See the problem when it comes to dealing with abusive customers? The face-to-face interactions with abusive customers cause employees to increase their â€Å"emotional labor† which is also known as emotional dissonance. â€Å"Emotional dissonance occurs when expressed emotions conform with organizational norms but clash with true feelings† (Rafaeli and Sutton, 1987). In her study on emotional dissonance, Rebecca Abraham establishes that emotional dissonance provokes unhappiness at a job, which motivates the intentions to quit. At my former job, a clothing store, I was able to observe high employee turnover rates due to job dissatisfaction. Not a day passed by without a single interaction with an abusive customer. I wouldn’t doubt that the high volume of such interactions lead to the high employee turnover. This particular store did nothing to decrease the high employee turnover, probably costing them hundreds of dollars. When does employee satisfaction become more important than customer satisfaction? Abusive customers, no matter what they spend and no matter how high their lifetime value is, are expressing negative consumer behavior. This particular clothing store that I used as an example should evaluate or re-examine their values because in the  end nobody will want to work for them. Exhibiting negative consumer behavior in one type of market may result in a positive outcome in another market. Some types of consumer behaviors are so complex that it is extremely difficult to distinguish it from being a positive or negative behavior. It depends on what side of the market the specific business is. In this paper I illustrated for the most part a few of these complex consumer behaviors. However, there are some consumer behaviors that a business owner might be better off with. In the retail business there are some customers that take a great deal of time in deciding what it is that they want to purchase. If you are a storeowner, you might want to have your employees spend less time pleasing these types of customers. After all time is money. The welfare and satisfaction of employees should also be a great concern for the employers. I believe that the more satisfied an employee is with their job, the better they will perform at it. Thus, it is important to protect employees from abusive customers. I can recall a time when a customer became extremely angry when we did not have a specific item in the size he was looking for. There was nothing that I could do but to deal with the costumer’s mistreatment. The types of negative consumer behavior are immense that some are hard to even conceptualize. Such behaviors range from lack of spending, usually expressed by the elderly, to theft and overspending. Future research should examine these activities. Bibliography Abraham, Rebecca. The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover. Journal of Psychology v133, n4 (July, 1999): 441. Adler, Jerry. The â€Å"Thrill† of Theft: it’s not just the movie stars. Why, each year, ordinary people shoplift $13 billion of lipsticks, batteries and bikinis from stores. Newsweek (Feb. 25, 2002): 52. Barron, Kelly. Your money or your life? Crime rates are down. Are Americans overspending for security? Forbes v160 (November 17, 1997): 66. Berkman, Harold W; Gilson, Christopher. Consumer Behavior: concepts and strategies. Kent Publishing Company. Boston 1981. Dubrovki, Drago. The role of customer satisfaction in achieving business excellence. Total Quality Management. (December 2001): 920 Rafaeli, A.; Sutton, R. Expression of emotion as part of the work role. Academy of Management Review. (1987): 12, 23-37. Roberts, James A; Jones, Eli. Money attitudes, credit card use, and compulsive buying among American college students. Journal of Consumer Affairs, Winter 2001, 35(2): 213-240.

Shiva Nataraja

Hinduism is not one religion but many related beliefs and numerous factions. There are various deities but there are only three gods that are the most well-known. Shiva is one of the three most popular Hindu deities. He is usually depicted in small statues that show him performing the Cosmic Dance. The statues all impose unique movements, his anatomical features, and their functions that unite all of its qualities together. Shiva Nataraja has a stunning presentation and elaborate movements as he performs the Cosmic Dance. Shiva's dance has cosmic significance, as it symbolizes the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe in an endlessly repeating cycle. He is depicted dancing with his left foot kicked in the air with his right foot is planted on top of a dwarf. Two of his arms are stretched out and two are pulled in close to his body. The way he is shown does indeed suggest this god is dancing. He is enclosed inside a circle of flames and in one of His upper right arms he holds a drum, the beating of which creates the universe, while on one of his upper left arms he holds a ball of flame that will eventually destroy it. n one of his right arms he carries a drum and in one of his left arms he carries a flame. His lower right hand displays the gesture of reassurance, while his lower left points to the ground as an indication of his power and strength. The Shiva Nataraja statues have many anatomical features and not very complicated material techniques. Shiva wears a short loincloth; a rib bon tied above his waist, and delicately tooled adornments. The scant clothing reveals his perfected form with its broad shoulders thinning to a limber waist. The jewelry is unemotional and the detail does not detract from the beauty of the body. He has his face rotated toward the onlooker, thus appearing like a king but still conscious of his compassionate role. Nearly all of the Shiva Nataraja statues are made out of bronze. The process to create these bronze statues is called lost-wax casting, and sometimes called by the French name of cire perdue. This is the process by which a brass or bronze sculpture is cast from an artist's sculpture. Other metals such as silver and gold are also ast. Intricate works can be achieved by this method, primarily depending on the carver's skills The significance of the Nataraja sculpture is that it is seen as the image of his rhythmic play which is the source of all movement within the universe, represented by the arch of flames. The purpose of the dance is to release men from illusion of the idea of the â€Å"self† and of the physical world. The cosmic dance was performed in Chidambaram in South India, called the center of the universe by some Hindus. The gestures of the dance represent Shiva's five activities, creation (symbolized by the drum), protection (by the â€Å"fear not† hand gesture), destruction (by the fire), embodiment (by the foot planted on the ground), and release (by the foot held aloft). As Nataraja, Shiva represents apocalypse and creation as he dances away the illusory world of Maya transforming it into power and enlightenment. The symbolism of Shiva Nataraja is religion, art and science merged as one. In God's endless dance of creation, preservation, destruction and paired graces is hidden a deep understanding of our universe. Nataraja, the King of Dance, has four arms. The upper right hand holds the drum from which creation issues forth. The lower right hand is raised in blessing, betokening preservation. The upper left hand holds a flame, which is destruction, the dissolution of form. The right leg, representing obscuring grace, stands upon Apasmarapurusha, a soul temporarily earth-bound by its own sloth, confusion and forgetfulness. The uplifted left leg is revealing grace, which releases the mature soul from bondage. The lower left hand gestures toward that holy foot in assurance that Siva's grace is the refuge for everyone, the way to liberation. The circle of fire represents the cosmos and especially consciousness. The all-devouring form looming above is Mahakala, â€Å"Great Time. † The cobra around Nataraja's waist is kundalini shakti, the soul-impelling cosmic power resident within all. Nataraja's dance is not just a symbol. It is taking place within each of us, at the atomic level, this very moment. The Agamas proclaim, â€Å"The birth of the world, its maintenance, its destruction, the soul's obscuration and liberation are the five acts of his dance. â€Å"

MURKOR murkorSocial and Emotional Learning.edited Essays - Education

MURKOR murkorSocial and Emotional Learning.edited Essays - Education Social and Emotional Learning Student Name Institution Affiliation Instructor Name Course Name Course Code Date Social and Emotional Learning Where is the field of social and emotional learning going? What are we trying to emphasize? The concept of Social and emotional learning (SEL) emphasize on the process by which individuals, especially fully grown adults and the younger generations, tame their emotions, prioritize to effectively achieve targets that are positive, accompanying feelings with good deeds towards others and nature good relationship with other individuals. Social and emotional learning promotes competencies among individuals. SEL is important particular ly in this stressful world, in which both the adults and the younger generations have to adapt to the emotional challenges, some of which it's very difficult to be avoided. Thus, Social-emotional learn ing is needed than ever before. SEL emphasis on self-examination, the ability to manage one's emotions, relationship management as well as the ability to make effective decisions . Researches done in the past decades depicts that it is very important for students to balance their academic and social-em otional competencies in order to achieve greater success in careers and life, thus, SEL had been conserve d for only educators . But recently there is shifting, it is no longer reserved for educators rather all researchers, academia, and the public are beginning to better understand that having managed between academics and social and emotional competencies play a critical role in life. Thereof , emphasis on SEL skills will instill effective experiences in learning as well as create a conducive environment that enables the students to achieve better results in schools as well as contribute effectively in both workplaces and to the society . In this case, SEL will ensure a goa l-oriented generation in the future. The widespread of SEL will ensure that socially responsible citizens are produced who are better to build the nation as well as their communities. Though SEL emphasized on development abi lities such a s conscience development, emotional control, open-mindedness and the ability to reason with others is regarded to be very important or even more essential than conscious thoughts in examining employment in futures for effective and efficient results . In spite of those concepts being essential to the students in learning and experience, their implementations prove difficult for the educators. To them, it is very difficult to set effective goals, upskill and examine emotional and social skills . When di d the field start to recognize SEL, who are the top five leading current researchers on this topic? What are the differences between them and what are they focusing on? Li ke a ny other western idea, the root of social-emotional learning is as old as ancient Greece. When Plato wrote about education in The Republic, he proposed that a curriculum that requires a balance between academic , character and moral. But in modern, James Comer began a piloting program in the late 1960s at Yale School of Medicine's Child Center. The program was focusing on two objectives , low achieving and poor performance predominant in African-Ame rican elementary schools in New Haven Connecticut , which had lowest academic achievement and worst attendance in the city. By 1980s the two schools have become the best academic performers to exceed the national average. Up to date , New Have has become a de facto hub in SEL research . SEL. The leading researchers include; Roger Weisberg , Timothy Shriver, Schonert-Reicht Kimberly, Teachers and educators should go through thorough training on how to incorporate social and emotional skills in learning and experiences of the students for better performance both at school and at the workplace ( Weisberg et al. 2015) . It is believed that this approach of incorporating social and emotional skills in the students learning life and experience should not only take place within the school environment but also at the community level, workplace and even at the political context ( Shriver , 2015) . The implementation and enforcement of SEL approaches within the school context rely on the teacher ( Kimberly, 2017 ). Kimberly says that there is a relationship between SEL and the teacher's beliefs as well as their well-being. He added that the success of

Anthropology report essays

Anthropology report essays Progress undermines African culture I read an article on how tourist and Christians are changing the African culture. According to Mr Opondo, tourism is effecting huge changes in the lives of people in the Kigezi highlands. He said, "The tourists who come to enjoy the mountains trigger change among the inhabitants, leading to assimilation of cultures and the diffusion of new lifestyles. The prevailing attitude of using Western culture as the mirror of what is good has modified cultural norms. They copy European accents, hairstyles and dress. The perception is that Western culture is superior and dominant." According to this article, the Africans are being exposed to new technologies and the Western culture, as never before by tourists and Christians who try to convert the Africans. Although this is not all bad, this may lead to the disruption of African culture. The traditional ways of African culture that were perceived to them as righteously superior are now being undermined by the new culture that the westerners are bringing into Africa. In Ethiopia, a farmer AHI knows was recently told by the church to get rid of his second wife, who was pregnant. Polygamy is well accepted in Africa, but Christians are enforcing their religion and culture to the lives of these peaceful Africans. This may well disrupt the harmony of African society and culture, and cause problems. This article is related to cultural anthropology because it relates on the culture of Africa, which is a main country that anthropologists emphasize on. It is related to anthropology because this article explains the process of the assimilation of culture of Africa. The process that Africa is going through because of the westerners. The article also states how polygamy is common tradition as it is also explained in chapter 9 marriage cultural anthropology book. This article is also correlated to many videos ...

Simple Explanation What Is FAFSA

Simple Explanation What Is FAFSA SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard your high school counselor or other students reference the FAFSA, and you didn't know what they were talking about? What is FAFSA, and what do you have to know about it?Well, if you're hoping to get financial aid for college, then it's criticalthat you know about the FAFSA. In this article, I will explain what the FAFSA is, why it's important, and the information you need to fill it out. What Is the FAFSA? FAFSA is an acronym that stands for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Colleges and universities use this form to determine your eligibility for federal, state, and college-sponsored financial aid, including grants, educational loans, and work-study programs. Therefore, even though the FAFSA is technically the application for federal aid, you have to fill it out to receive state and college-sponsored financial aid as well. If you're hoping for any government or school financial aid for college, you should file a FAFSA. How does the FAFSA determine your eligibility for financial aid? The FAFSA is used by the US Department of Education to calculate your Expected Family Contribution, or EFC, for college. Your EFC is a dollar amount that reflects how much you can afford to pay for college for the following academic year. The lower your EFC, the more aid you're eligible to receive. Your EFC is determined based on income, assets, and other household information you'll be asked to provide on the FAFSA. What Information Is Required on the FAFSA? You can check out the FAFSA worksheet to see all of the information you need to properly fill out the FAFSA. Now, I'll explain the information you need to enter on the form. Citizenship Status/Alien Number You need to be a legal resident of the United States or a US citizen to submit a FAFSA. However, if you're an undocumented immigrant, you have other options to get financial aid for college. Dependency Status For FAFSA purposes, most of you will be considered dependents, meaning that you're under the care of your parents. All dependents have to answer questions about their parents on the FAFSA. Due to varying family situations, this is the FAFSA definition of a "parent" for the purposes of filling out this form: "Parent" refers to a biological or adoptive parent or a person determined by the state to be a parent (for example, if the parent is listed on the birth certificate). Grandparents, foster parents, legal guardians, older siblings, and uncles or aunts are not considered parents on the FAFSA unless they have legally adopted you. If your legal parents are living and married to each other, answer the questions on the FAFSA about both of them. If your legal parents are not married and live together, answer the questions about both of them. In case of divorce or separation, give information about the parent you lived with most in the last 12 months. If you did not live with one parent more than the other, give information about the parent who provided you the most financial support during the last 12 months or during the most recent year you received support. If your divorced or widowed parent has remarried, also provide information about your stepparent. Financial Information Dependents have to report information from their parents, including their parents' previous year's adjusted gross income, government aid, untaxed income, and any other financial benefits. Your parents may be able to use the IRS Retrieval Tool to transfer their tax return information to your online FAFSA. Also, you have to report any financial benefits you received in the previous year, even if you're a dependent. What Happens After You File Your FAFSA? Student Aid Report After you file your FAFSA, if you provide a valid e-mail address, you'll receive your Student Aid Report, or SAR, in 3-5 days. Without a valid e-mail address, you'll receive your SAR via mail in 7-10 days. Your SAR will have a summary of the information you submitted on your FAFSA along with your EFC. Remember that your EFC does not determine the amount of aid you will receive from colleges; it determines the amount of aid you're eligible to receive. The EFC that displays on your SAR is a calculation based on the information you provided on your FAFSA. If there are any errors in your SAR, you can correct the information online. If your application is incomplete, your SAR will not include an EFC, but it will display text that specifies any issues that need to be resolved. In this situation, you'll also be able to complete your FAFSA online. Financial Aid Award Letters The colleges you list on your FAFSA will have access to your information electronically one day after it's processed. Colleges will use the information from your FAFSA to help determine what financial aid they offer you. Shortly after you receive your college acceptances, or even with college acceptance letters, you'll receive financialaid award letters from the colleges that accepted you. However, if you apply early decision or early action, you may have to wait until those who applied for regular decision receive their acceptance notices to get your financial aid award letter. The financial aid award letter outlines your financial aid package, including the amount of aid you'll be offered in grants, government loans, and scholarships. Subtract the amount of financial aid you're offered from the cost of attendance, and you can determine your out-of-pocket expenses for the upcoming academic year. Typically, you'll receive your aid award letters in March or April and have to commit to a college by May 1. Is the FAFSA Required? The FAFSA is only required if you want to be eligible for federal financial aid. Remember that most states and colleges also require the FAFSA to receive state or college-sponsored aid. If you or your parents can afford to pay the full cost of attendance to the colleges you apply to, then you don't have to file a FAFSA. If, based on your EFC, colleges determine that you can afford to pay the full cost of attending, you're unlikely to receive any need-based aid, even if you do file a FAFSA. Also, if you have received a scholarship that makes additional financial aid unnecessary, then you don't have to file a FAFSA. Keep in mind that regardless of whether or not you file a FAFSA, you or your parents can still take out loans to cover your college costs. What's Next? You need to submit a FAFSA to be eligible for valuable financial aid like the Pell Grant and work-study programs. Now that you understand the importance of the FAFSA, learn about how much college really costs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Executive Summary - Essay Example in the business, assess the competitors and the competitive advantage, the financial plans and projections and offer a Mission /Vision Statement that determines the success of this business. For the music industry to thrive well and secure a large market segment, it must identify itself with a tumultuous and high velocity market because of the nature of its products. In order to avail music to everyone at considerate prices, one must identify the target market and the type of music required. Jazz music originated from America, and stems from the Atlantic slave trade whereby Africans were shifted into United States. The Africans had a strong passion for traditional music and thy developed their own Jazz music. They had exceptional rhythm and used various instruments that helped them create the Jazz music, for instance, piano, and violin among others (Roberts 64). In most cases, Jazz music is played I whilst drinking and dancing. Even though, most people have a desire to join Jazz music industry, there are a lot of discouragements along the way. For instance, it is pretty expensive to hire a producer or even produce and launch music. For this reason, most people end up burying their talents. This is the reason that I plan to launch a music production center in order to cater and fight with such challenges. I plan to run the Music production center with my family in order to get both financial and moral support from them. The business shall exclusively deal in production of Jazz industry, because this is the only music that does not required a lot of expertise in creating and producing. Also, the technology used is accessible at considerable amounts (Roberts 64). Within this Production center, I plan to set up a small restaurant where people will enjoy the music and delicious food. Most of the foods in the restaurant shall be Japanese traditional foods as these mints well with the Jazz music. The central aspect of the services offered will be based on the blending

Good Nursing Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Good Nursing Practice - Essay Example skills or tasks; rather, it is an attitude that informs behaviour.† In nursing, leadership is portrayed through the ability of nurses to progressively improve the health care through influencing others; whether patients or the fellow workmates. Leaders should possess the capability of helping people plan, lead, organize and control employees’ activities. According to Wheeler, (2012), the prominent challenge facing the nursing profession is the development of future nurse leaders. All nurses require leadership skills at all hierarchical levels. Some of the crucial roles of a nurse leader include acting as a role model to their colleagues, ensuring optimal care through collaboration and provision of support and information. Additionally, they defend the rights of the patients and provision of care based on a theoretical and research background. Nurse leaders should also have management knowledge, team work and communication competence. Some of the personal characteristics necessary for a nurse include courage, collaboration, creativity and confidence. They should enact changes depending on the changes in technology and working environment (Wong?and Cummings,?2007:508-521). The heath care environments are constantly changing and producing new changes to the nurse leaders that limit their performance if they do not device the efficient strategies for handling them. Leadership skills entail the art of making people produce extra ordinary impacts while experiencing challenges and other barriers. Direct, hierarchical approach to leadership is an impediment to task completion and performance. Nursing leadership should adopt the style of listening, encouraging and facilitating role play. Tregunno, D. et al. (2009:337) defines leadership, â€Å"the ability to create new systems... This report stresses that student nurses operate in hospitals, nursing homes or doctor’s offices. Their effectiveness is a product of the application of both professional and personal skills. The four main skills that a student nurse should possess for efficient delivery of services include leadership, communication, and team work and organization skills. The standards outlined in the NMC code of conduct offers the guidelines required in the implementation of the four skills. Leadership skills are exhibited through the ability of nurses to progressively improve the health care through influencing others; whether patients or the fellow workmates. Ineffective communication causes misunderstanding leading to the prevalence of misdiagnosis or medication errors. This paper makes a conclusion that team work skills are mandatory for any student nurse as nursing is a collective profession. Organizational skills helps a nurse stay focused on the correct tasks, assist in setting priorities, and offer confidence that a person is following the correct footpath towards achievement of goals. Application of the stated skills enables the student nurses to deliver essential health care for all, safeguard the public well-being as well as be accountable for safe, patient-centred and evidence-based practice. The nurses will also be able to exhibit professionalism and integrity within the concept of ethical and legal practice.

Human Trafficking Throughout the World Research Paper

Human Trafficking Throughout the World - Research Paper Example   Human trafficking, as a problem, persisted within society since ages, which was regarded as illegal, unfair and immoral based on humanitarian principles in the modern era. Even though, in recent scenario it has only accelerated to a next level. Initially, human trafficking was conducted mainly for sexual trade or for the purpose of sourcing labor in hazardous working environment. But in the modern era, the network has apparently expanded its motive to even illegal health care practices concerning the removal of human organ (WHO, 2012). Correspondingly, this research paper intends to discuss about the theories and views related to human trafficking by reviewing various literatures studied in the recent years. Furthermore, the paper reflects about the underlying issues such as race, ethnicity, sex and family among others, that has been contributing to human trafficking. Analysis of Relevant Theoretical and Practical Issues Trafficking is often criticized and opposed as the widespre ad display of the modern-day slavery. Research conducted with respect to this issue, ascertained that around four million humans are trafficked worldwide every year. In the era of globalization and technological advancements, many factors have been contributory and assisting the criminals to frame a strong network, which further applied for human trafficking and thus, can be regarded as a major reason for the rise observed in this type of crime (Dalrymple, 2005). Trafficking against human beings was considered as the violation the normative principles of humanity in early days, which has been lawfully defined as a crime in the modern society as well, emphasizing the human rights and democratic values of an economy today (Chuang, 2006). Astonishingly, every country is affected by trafficking mainly for sexual exploitation and forced labor (Costa, 2008). In accordance to Costa (2008), the data derived from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reflects about the problem pertaining to trafficking of people from 127 countries to 137 countries for exploitation (Costa, 2008). In the view of Costa (2008: 6), â€Å"†¦Trafficking in persons is dynamic, adaptable, opportunistic and, like many other forms of criminal activity, it takes advantage of conflicts, humanitarian disasters and the vulnerability of people in situations of crisis†. To combat with the rising toll of trafficking crimes, various measures have been taken by global governing bodies in alliance with the national regulatory institutions. For instance, International Labor Organization (ILO), International Organization for Migration (IOM) and UNODC are the list of few major bodies that have been engaged in exploring the severity of human trafficking globally and also in their respective home countries as well as taking due remedial strategies to obstruct such crimes (Costa, 2008). According to Rahman (2011), ILO estimated that around 2.5 million labors have been trafficked to be sexually exploited by 2011. The regions such as Asia, Latin America and Middle East among others, a substantial rise in human trafficking crimes were recorded. With respect to the global estimation, it has been found that around 12.3 million human beings are being trafficked and enslaved on an average every year around the world.  Ã‚  

An investigation into the current success factors for small and medium Essay

An investigation into the current success factors for small and medium enterprises in Thailand - Essay Example That is, identifying those characteristics of the enterprise relating to its management, relationships with other entities, contextual variables, etc. that either lead to or contribute in some way to the enterprise being successful. This research thus makes use of the construct of ‘success factor’, which is also mentioned in the hypothesis. The success factors themselves are qualitative because they are not quantifiable. These are possible underlying factors, which could indirectly contribute to the success of the SME based on the information gathered during the literature review. Examples are as a highly knowledgeable manager or a strong link to a supportive larger enterprise so they are not apparent as such. The success however, is measurable, for example, in terms of total sales growth, number of customers, and amount of profits as done by Vichitdhanabadee et al. (2009) or volume of exports. The major research question, which derives directly from the stated purpose o f the study, has been framed as follows: What are the underlying success factors for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand?The major hypothesis that will be tested in the quantitative phase of the study will be: There is a significant degree of positive underlying success factors that are contributing to the success of the SME. We assume that it is the preponderance of underlying success factors, such as those identified in Chapter One that lead to the success of a SME. A number of null hypotheses can be constructed, as in the two examples below, for testing the validity of the major hypothesis based on measurable quantities. There is no causal relationship between the value of capital and business performance. There is no causal relationship between the size of the enterprise in terms of the number of employees and total sales. 3.3 Research design and method This study will combine both quantitative and qualitative methods for the data collection and data analysis. It will thus take a mixed method approach, as il lustrated in Figure 1. These will then be compared and combined to construct a composite model of the study findings. This research design is shown in the figure below. It is to be noted that the quantitative phase will commence first followed by the qualitative phase. This will therefore be an explanatory sequential model. Figure 1: Mixed method (explanatory sequential) research design to be employed During the quantitative phase, data will be collected from the return of questionnaires from a mail-administered survey. During the qualitative phase, data will be collected by conducting a few case studies, which will involve carrying out interviews of Thai SME managers. In addition, some document analyses will also be conducted for gathering relevant information, such as from company profiles, reports and websites. The analysis of the quantitative data will be in the form of descriptive statistics of the data gathered from the survey. Descriptive statist

Otitis media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Otitis media - Essay Example The document provides guidelines for use in the right diagnosis and the proper treatment of children between ages 2 months to 12 years with symptoms of AOM. The source is just a guideline meant to provide some basis or framework when coming up with clinical conclusions about making correct clinical decisions. The source does not provide full details of evidence and nurses cannot use it as the only source to guide them during management of children with AOM. The source is also an evidence-based guideline compiled by different experts creating a comprehensive report. Even though it lacks the specific research details, it is very helpful since it provides important information for nurses on pain management, observation, antibacterial treatment, and preventive measures. The practical guidelines of the article, supported with adequate reasons, and summaries of findings of the study, makes this article very resourceful and appropriate for this nursing practice situation. Block, S. L. (1997 ). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and therapeutic considerations in acute Otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 16, 449- 456. This source of evidence can be classified as unfiltered resource because its source comes from the research studies of the author. The recommendations and views of the work are typically those of the author and since most of the information in the article particularly in the conclusion part represents views and recommendations of the author, it is certainly un-filtered. The resource nature makes it an evidence summary, because the authors made a summary from existing evidence. The source gives a clear-cut specific evidence of the pathogens that cause Acute Otitis Media (AOM) and the effectiveness of various antibiotics for treatment. Its drawback is that it does not provide a detailed report about other lines of treatment or alternative approach in treating AOM. In such a case, the nurses may miss some important information on treat ment therefore; some more important and relevant research findings should be included. The fact that this resource paper is an evidence summary then the details missing makes it to be less helpful to the nurses. It is therefore not a proper guideline for use by the nurses in such a situation. Kelley, P. E., Friedman, N., Johnson, C. (2007). Ear, nose, and throat. In W. W.Hay, M. J. Levin, J. M. Sondheimer, & R. R. Deterding (Eds.), Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment (18th ed., pp. 459Â ±492). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. The source of evidence is an incomprehensive resource because it provides research work of the author. The source gives a comprehensive report on various causes of ear infections, antibiotic resistance in the treatment of AOM and the challenges doctors face when looking for alternative treatment choices. The source therefore addresses specific issues, which nurses can find to very resourceful, relevant, and helpful when dealing with a situation at hand. The author’s recommendations and conclusions will be of great help to the nurses too. The resource falls under the category of summary of evidence since the authors used the actual research work of the author to create the summary. Even though the source is quite narrow and specific, the results and conclusions are very relevant and this makes it appropriate for this nursing practice situation.

The use of art to reveal sexual identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The use of art to reveal sexual identity - Essay Example Johns' works were also influenced by the works of two gay artists; O'Hara and Crane. By using the style and formats used by these two artists, it reveals his sexual inclination although in an indirect way. There are many similarities between "In memory of my feelings-Frank O'Hara" and "Paintings with two balls." The signature, the full title, and the date are stenciled along the bottom. The artist freights his work with signs of concealment. The inclusion of the name of Frank O'Hara in his art is clear sign that Johns adore the artist. O'Hara was one of the artists that were known to be openly gay. Andy Warhol is seen as the father of the Pop Art movement that rose in popularity towards the end of 1950's and early 1960's. Warhol pieces of art appear to be in agreement with the works of both Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. Rauschenberg and Johns were also the idols of Warhol, who learnt a lot from them; Warhol even made silkscreen homage for Rauschenberg. "Let us now praise famo us men" was written to express admiration for the artist. "Thirteen most wanted men" by Warhol was a clever reference to the FBI's wish of arresting criminals and also the artist's desire for fellow men. Warhol managed to use that piece of art to demonstrate his support for homosexuality inclination as supported by Rauschenberg and Johns. Andy Warhol was one of the highest paid commercial artists of his time. Despite being a commercial artist, he also produced his own work. Warhol does not hide his sexual identity.

Otitis media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Otitis media - Essay Example The document provides guidelines for use in the right diagnosis and the proper treatment of children between ages 2 months to 12 years with symptoms of AOM. The source is just a guideline meant to provide some basis or framework when coming up with clinical conclusions about making correct clinical decisions. The source does not provide full details of evidence and nurses cannot use it as the only source to guide them during management of children with AOM. The source is also an evidence-based guideline compiled by different experts creating a comprehensive report. Even though it lacks the specific research details, it is very helpful since it provides important information for nurses on pain management, observation, antibacterial treatment, and preventive measures. The practical guidelines of the article, supported with adequate reasons, and summaries of findings of the study, makes this article very resourceful and appropriate for this nursing practice situation. Block, S. L. (1997 ). Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance, and therapeutic considerations in acute Otitis media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 16, 449- 456. This source of evidence can be classified as unfiltered resource because its source comes from the research studies of the author. The recommendations and views of the work are typically those of the author and since most of the information in the article particularly in the conclusion part represents views and recommendations of the author, it is certainly un-filtered. The resource nature makes it an evidence summary, because the authors made a summary from existing evidence. The source gives a clear-cut specific evidence of the pathogens that cause Acute Otitis Media (AOM) and the effectiveness of various antibiotics for treatment. Its drawback is that it does not provide a detailed report about other lines of treatment or alternative approach in treating AOM. In such a case, the nurses may miss some important information on treat ment therefore; some more important and relevant research findings should be included. The fact that this resource paper is an evidence summary then the details missing makes it to be less helpful to the nurses. It is therefore not a proper guideline for use by the nurses in such a situation. Kelley, P. E., Friedman, N., Johnson, C. (2007). Ear, nose, and throat. In W. W.Hay, M. J. Levin, J. M. Sondheimer, & R. R. Deterding (Eds.), Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment (18th ed., pp. 459Â ±492). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. The source of evidence is an incomprehensive resource because it provides research work of the author. The source gives a comprehensive report on various causes of ear infections, antibiotic resistance in the treatment of AOM and the challenges doctors face when looking for alternative treatment choices. The source therefore addresses specific issues, which nurses can find to very resourceful, relevant, and helpful when dealing with a situation at hand. The author’s recommendations and conclusions will be of great help to the nurses too. The resource falls under the category of summary of evidence since the authors used the actual research work of the author to create the summary. Even though the source is quite narrow and specific, the results and conclusions are very relevant and this makes it appropriate for this nursing practice situation.

Accounting Principles and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting Principles and Ethics - Essay Example (p. 186) As always, it is important to consider three major perspectives: the client or the company, the profession as an accountant, and the society when doing a financial statement. In preparing a financial report, it is simply not enough for accountants to just follow some rules. Following the general guidelines in accounting is one way to achieve a correct accounting structure or format. However, it is never enough to just follow the accounting rules and principles. It is equally important for the practitioner to practice good ethics by making a good judgment in supporting or auditing a financial report. It has been argued that it is always easy to make an altered financial statement look good by merely following the general rules in accounting principles without applying the necessary ethical consideration. It is possible for some management to use accounting expertise in hiding some corporate financial problems by simply changing the figures in the report or using some inter-company strategy in order to make sales appear promising. (Fager, 2002) In doing so, the accountant clearly violates the US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) as well as it misleads a lot of prospective investors by making the financial statement appears good. When the accountant interpret the figures in making a financial report, the practitioner should be reasonable enough to judge or view things accurately. (p. 247) For example, it is important for the accountant to have a very good character such as avoid greediness which may result to being a victim of bribery. (p. 28) In order to avoid greed, accountants need to be satisfied with the amount of income he / she is earning. In case the practitioner desires more than his / her usual earning, it is easier for big business owners to become an easy target of bribery. When we talk about virtues, we are simply referring to a personal trait that enables a person to carry out a sensitive task well. Accounting is a

Analysis of Information Technology in Public Sector

Analysis of Information Technology in Public Sector Chapter 1 Introduction Countries and governments in the world try to develop and extend their business and economies throughout built relation and agreements among them for the exchange and transaction for different kind of trades through out what call e-government to facilitate communicating and transmitting the information between these countries, and to achieve these, they need to adopt the information technology as infrastructure for e-government purposes (Traunmiiller and Klaus Lenk, 2002). So, information technology IT, digital and networking considered a crucial requirements for the companies to extend their operation scope in the global. So organizational spending on information technology (IT) and utilize the technology to support different strategic and operational objectives to give the strength for the competitive strategy (support the different aspects of business), (Venkatesh Morris Davis Davis, 2003). Therefore, Information technology can be defined in various ways Like information technology includes hardware, software and telecommunication equipment which is used to capture, process, and store and distribute information ( Global text -information system-Richard T. Watson -2007Â ¬chapter 1). Also information technology refers to office, computing machines, communications equipment, instruments, photocopiers and related equipment, and software and related services (Brynjolfsson, 1991). Even Information Technology (IT) refers to Any equipment, or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment which is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission. (DODD 4630.5, January 11, 2002). when the companies attempt to adopt the technology they face problems about the acceptance of the employees for the technology , some companies still cant predict the success from implementing new technology among the employees, some fail in adopting particular technology and some face resistance for accepting or adopting the technology, another companies didnt get the benefits that they expect from accepting or adopting the technology ,therefore, the companies turn to study the technology users conceptual about technology and the factors that could affect the acceptance for the technology (Alsohybe, 2007). Since information technology is supporting our economy throughout the reductions in the cost of obtaining, processing, and transmitting information are changing the way we do business so no company can escape its effects. General Managers know the importance of information technology and how it effect in the work. As more and more they spend their investment capital and their time in information technology and its effects, an executive have a growing awareness that the technology can no longer be the exclusive area of IT departments or IS departments, Executives recognize the need to become directly involved in the management of the new technology since they see their competitors use information for competitive advantage, These In the face of rapid change, however, they dont know how (S Rivard, L Raymond, D Verreault, 2006). In order to help managers respond to the challenges of the information developing and how will advances in information technology affect competition and the sources of competitive advantage and what are the opportunities for investing in information technology. For that managers must first understand the information technology (Yen Subramanian chino, 1997). So this study is going to examine the factors that influence information technology acceptance in the public sector in the republic of YEMEN to enhance the accepting, adopting and the usage of information technology among the workers in the public sector. Beside facilitate the information transaction between the managements and between the government utilities with spotlight in the role of information technology strategies in these utilities to support the accepting, adoption for the technology. Even this study is going to examine the support of the government to adopt the information technology as government infrastructure toward E-government. Republic of Yemens Background The Republic of Yemen is an Arab country located in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bounded on the north by Saudi Arabia and by the Arab Sea. Oman lies in the west of the Republic of Yemen and the Red Sea lies in the west of the Republic of Yemen. The total area of the Republic of Yemen is about 555,000 square Kilometer, and the population of the Republic of Yemen is 18 million. The official language of the country is Arabic and Islam is the official religion of the country. The ethnic groups in the Republic of Yemen are predominantly Arab, but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans. The Yemeni Rial (YR) is the official currency unit, but visitors can exchange most of the international currencies in exchange establishments or banks all over towns. Currently, the Republic of Yemen is enjoying a stable political, economic, and social system based on respect and openness with the rest of the world. This stability provides an opportunity for the country to improve its economy and service provision to its citizen and move along with the rest of the world. The Republic of Yemen has three national independence days: September 26, 1962 when the king of North the Republic of Yemen, at that time, was overthrown and making the country a republic instead of a kingdom, November 30, 1967 when South the Republic of Yemen, at that time, had become independent from United Kingdom. The Unification Day on May 22, 1990, when the Republic of Yemen was established by the merger of South the Republic of Yemen and North the Republic of Yemen. The legal system of the Republic of Yemen is based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law. The Republic of Yemen is one of the poorest countries in the Arab World. It has reported strong growth since 2000, and its economic fortunes depend mostly on oil. (CIA The World Fact book Yemen profile about Yemen, 2005: Countries, L. D, 2009) Since the unification of the Republic of Yemen in 1990, the president was determined to establish a new way of governance. The government represented by the president initiated a plan to develop the new country infrastructure and build a democratic administrative system, which is responsible for the provision of public services to all Yemenis whether in the country or abroad. Since 1990, the Republic of Yemen has been trying to pursue a clear social strategy for developing new sources of income for its people, find new ways of investment in the country, reform the government, and establish new private sector participation to enhance the economical growth of the country (Ministry of Development, Republic of Yemen, 2000). The main objective of the government now and then was to improve the efficiency of the governmental administrative capabilities for better and improved services. The Republic of Yemen long-terms strategy aimed to develop a reliable and efficient administration and government by improving and reforming its ministries and institutions to deliver better public services for all its citizens and gain recognition around the world. However, not all the goals were aimed at improving the governmental functions were achieved. There are still problems facing the government plan to reform like, inflated bureaucracy, lack of collaboration between ministries and agencies, illiteracy, and a lack of direct vision of the future of the country. In its attempt to overcome these problems, the government of the Republic of Yemen has launched a reform project using information technology to implement e-government in the next couple of Years. The implementation of information technology will lead into collaboration between governmental agencies and lead to integrated databases that can be accessed by any agency any time thus delivering rapid and efficient service to the public. Communication and Information Technology in the Republic of Yemen Comparing to other countries around the world, The Republic of Yemen is still lagging in term of using information technology. Tables 1 and 2 compare the Republic of Yemen to other countries around the world and show that the Republic of Yemen is still one of the lowest countries in term of using computers and Internet, telephone usage, and e government readiness. This study was prepared by the National Information Center of the Republic of Yemen, which was submitted to the Republic of Yemens Presidential Office and to the Shura Council on June 2005 as part of a workshop title E-government between reality and expected goals in the Republic of Yemen (Alsohybe, 2007). Table l : Computers for Every 100 People and Internet Usage per 100 People for the World and for Some Countries Including the Republic of Yemen Country/Group PC Percentage (%) per 100 people Internet usage per 100 people The World 7.74 15.47 Arab World 2.04 5.57 U.S.A 65.89 55.14 Canada 48.7 51.28 Malaysia 14.68 31.97 Egypt 1.66 2.82 Yemen 0.79 0.51 Note: E-Government between Reality and Expected Goals in the Republic of Yemen, by (Yemen, National Information Center, 2005. Sanaa, Yemen, p.10). Table 2: E-government Readiness for Some Countries Including the Republic of Yemen Country Web Measurement Communications Human Resources General Indicator international U.S.A 1.00 .0770 .0970 .0913 1 Canada 0.873 0.668 0.970 0.837 7 Malaysia 0.490 0.302 0.830 0.541 42 Egypt 0.100 0_066 0.630 0.265 136 Yemen 0.054 0.040 0.490 0.195 154 Note: E-Government between Reality and Expected Goals in the Republic of Yemen, by (Yemen National Information Center, 2005, Sanaa, Yemen, p. Background of the Problem In the increasingly global today, information technology (IT) spread unpredictably that because IT considers substantial investment for organizations in all different aspects. Technology used to support the strategy and operational goals Countries and governments all over the world try to develop and extend their business and economies throughout built relation and agreements among them for the exchange and transaction for different trade aspects through out what call e=government to facilitate communicating and transmitting the information between these countries, and to achieve these, there is need to adopt the information technology as infrastructure for E-government purposes. (Traunmuller and Klaus Lenk, 2002) But unfortunately acquiring appropriate IT is not a sufficient condition for utilizing it effectively. Information technology importance for adopt E-government and in order to avoid the failure in adopting E-government. Also because the change in the environment and technology the companies trying to keep going with these changes. The companies spend a lot in investing in the technology in order to empower its internal, external performance and the productivity (Alsohybe, 2007). Some employees in the organizations not used the IT effectively or are not used, despite the extending in the investment in IT. This led the organization to inappropriate investment and west the opportunities even remain the company undeveloped. So the workers in IS and the management under pressure to locate the financial and organizational benefits from the IT investment. In order to help managers and IS practitioners to determine the factors or the motivators for IT usage and the acceptance of individuals for IT usage in order to reduce the cost and attain the maximum return of the investment in IT from the beginning (Lopez Manson, 1997; Dadayan Ferro, 2005). Problem statement The problem statements is that it is expected that all companies adopting, using effectively and having information technology, however, in the reality, not all the companies adopt, use effectively or use the information technology. However, in the reality, not all employees in those organizations accept, adopt, use effectively or use the information technology. That means there is a gap between the ideal or the maximum usage for the information technology among the Yemeni government employees and the reality or the actual usage for the information technology inside those organizations. This leads to investigate or examine the determinants and characteristics such as (individual characteristics, system characteristics, social characteristics, institutional characteristics) which are of effecting in using or adopting such technology. Many researchers in information technology IT and information system IS support the necessity for study the factors affecting the IT acceptance and its relation with the employees performance: The study was conducted by (Venkatesh Morris Davis Davis, 2003) to compare eight models and validate the new theory named the unified model The study recommended that: Future research should identify the underlying influential mechanisms potential candidates here include computer literacy and social or cultural background, among others. Even The role of social influence and its change over time and may help explain some of the equivocal results helping to clarify the contingent nature of social influences. Current theoretical perspectives on individual acceptance are notably weak in providing prescriptive guidance to designers. For example applying any of the models might inform a designer that some set of individuals might find a new system difficult to use. Even the study recommended future study include system characteristics and self-efficacy And task technology fit. The study said that further work should attempt to identify and test additional boundary conditions of the model UTAUT in an attempt to provide an even richer understanding of technology adoption and usage behavior. Even different user groups, individuals in different functional areas and other organizational contexts (public or government institutions) Another study was conducted in SAUDIA ARABI (AL Gahtani, 2004) to examine the technology acceptance theory in their culture recommended more studies in the technology acceptance with focusing in the social and culture factors and using different methodologies. Also the study which conducted by (Gorke, 2006) mention about the important of farther research for determining the factors influence the decision of using particular system and the acceptance for any new system. Even the study (Yalcinkaya B.A M.S, 2007) which conducted in TURKISH in police office recommended for more studies considering other possible psychosocial or contextual variables that may affect behavioral intention of information technology usage. Beside The study (Almutairi, 2007) which conducted in Kuwaiti ministries to examine the technology acceptance theory in their culture found that there is needed to test the TAM in other culture to insure is it globalization of the model and the possibility to use in different cultures. More over The study was conducted in china (Kim lee law, 2007) This study makes an attempt to investigate the relationship between antecedents including information system quality, perceived value, and users acceptance of hotel front office systems (HFOSs) and the Results show information system quality affects users beliefs in HFOSs, it is important to realize that other factors may also play an important role in user beliefs. These factors include computer use experience and the study suggested Different studies can be performed on IT, targeting other technology systems .it is important to find factors other than perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived value that can affect the attitude towards technology acceptance. A few areas can be further examined in future studies in hotels as well as in other organizations. Even the study was conducted by (Smith, 2008) recommended more study for the technology acceptance within the private and the public sectors. According to (Agarwal, 2000) the importance of individual differences as a significant theoretical construct in technology acceptance is indisputable. Also, he recommends for farther studies in the training as individual difference variables. Even, the study supports that technology acceptance can be facilitated by utilizing other interventions that directly affect beliefs such as training and developing a learning culture. Also, in YEMEN the usage of the information is 10% from the system capability and that was not expected. So, there is need for investigate the reasons which inhibited the organization from getting the ideal usage from the system (wards from the minister of information technology and the vice general manager of the PTC public telecommunication corporation in Yemen KAKAL AL JABRI KAMAL HASAN, 2007). Therefore, there is a concurrent need to develop and gain empirical support for models of technology acceptance within the public sector, and to examine technology acceptance and utilization issues among public employees to improve the success of IS implementation in this arena and to explore the government role to support the adoption for information technology within the public utilities employees even as strategy or as logistic support. Even examine the role of the information technology strategy in controlling the factors influence the acceptance for technology to develop and improve the employees performance. This paper presents more comprehensive, by using model of technology acceptance and suggest testing it in public sector (Alsohybe, 2007). Research Objectives 1. To examine the status of technology acceptance and utilization issues among public employees to improve the success of IS acceptance and implementation in the following theory: To examine individual differences which are effecting on the acceptance for any new technology among the employees in the public sector. To examine which of system feature that influences in acceptance the technology To examine the social factors that influences the acceptance for any new technology among the employees in the public sector. To examine institutional factors which are influencing the acceptance for any new technology among the employees in the public sector. 2 To evaluate the role of strategy in affecting on the factors that influence the acceptance for any new technology. Research questions To examine the status of technology acceptance and utilization issues among public employees to improve the success of IS acceptance and implementation in the following theory: Is there effect for individual differences on the acceptance for any new technology among the employees in the public sector? Are there effects for the system feature on the acceptance for any new technology? What are the influences of the social factors on the acceptance for any new technology among the employees in the public sector? Is there effect for the institutional factors on the acceptance for any new technology among the employees in the public sector? What is the role of strategy in affecting the factors that influence the acceptance for any new technology? Purpose of the study The study plans to examine the status of technology acceptance and utilization issues among managers and employees in the public sector as individuals to~ improve the success of IS acceptance and implementation in this area. This study aims to explore the government role to support the adoption for information technology within the employees in the public sector. Even, the study will evaluate the strategy role in controlling the variables that influences the acceptance for the information technology, and explore the information technology company characteristics that have been used in public companies in Yemen. The government of the Republic of Yemen has an opportunity to improve the progresses and prepares its people to meet the challenges of accepting and implementing information technology in the work place to provide information and services for its citizens from any place at any time. By using IT, government of the Republic of Yemen will be able to overcome the communication problem, improve government efficiency, develop alternative sources of income, and improve the livelihood of all its citizens. The Yemeni government is committed to improve the way it is conducting its day-to-day work by adopting an information technology. Scope of study The study will conduct in the public sector in the republic of Yemen. The study target will be the managers and employees as individuals in the ministries and some utilities belong to the government. This will be achieved by survey Significance of the Study According to the study (Smith, 2008) which aimed to delineate IT differences between the public and private sectors. The study argued that private sector using the information technology more than the public sector that due to many reasons individual differences is one of these reasons, so this study was encouraged to study the acceptance and implementation of the information technology among the individuals in the public sector. Even, this study is trying to add the culture as independent variable for the technology acceptance model TAM, TAM2 and TAM3 as empirical study and contribution, this research will examine the acceptance and implementation of technologies in a very conservative and traditional society like The Republic of Yemen society where culture and religion dominate the way people live and perceive changes around them and can affect their acceptance or resentment of such innovation. Also, the study combined TAM, TAM2 by setting the attitude as mediated in the relation between the believes perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and the intention to use which was deleted in the technology acceptance model TAM2 and TAM3. Also, many studies were conducted to examine three variables affecting the technology acceptance such as individual differences, system feature and social influence and some studies examine individual differences, system feature and institutional factors, however, this study aims to examine the four factors because of the effect of each variable in the acceptance of the technology and its effect on the other variables. Also, this study uses mixed theories to give more explanatory power for the technology acceptance. Also, this study aims to predicting the behavior of the managers and employees for accept the information technology is critical issue for the companies because the important of the information technology in the government utilities in order to enhance its internal and external performance in facilitating the work flaw and smooth transferring of the information among the individuals in the different department in one unit even between the units in the public sector. Chapter 2 Summary for chapter 1 From-the -previous chapter which presents the problem statement, accept, adopting, using effectively and using information technology, however, in the reality, not all employees in those organizations accept, adopting, using, effectively and using the information technology, his means there is a gap between the ideal usage for the information technology among the employees of the Yemeni government and the reality of the usage for the technology inside those organizations. This leads to investigate and examine the determinants and characteristics (individual differences, system characteristic, social characteristics, institutional characteristic) which are effecting in accepting, adopting for such technology. 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1- The importance of Information Technology Rapidly advanced scientific and technological innovations, economic turbulence and uncertainty are some factors that underlie the importance of information technology investment. IT enables organizations to have the capabilities to do some adaptations proactively, so IT becomes an integral part, even a pivotal part of business activities and processes undertaken by any organization (Chau Hu, 2002), from that, question appears about the necessity to invest in IT in order to the organizations can get the benefits from adopting the information technology and to insure the success in the adoption, Agarwal and Karahanna (2000) see the success in this investment will be a valuable when IT utilized by the intended user in the way that contributes to the strategy and the operational goals of the organization, so the user acceptance of IT is the fundamental for the success of IT investment. The importance of technology comes from that Technology has an important impact on innovation and the development of societies and economies. This impact can be observed in three steps, the first step is substitution, new technology substitutes for the old. For example, consumers start substituting their fixed telephone lines with mobile telephones. The second step is the diffusion, when adopting the new technology is widely across society because it is law cost or better or more effective than the previous technology. The final step is transformation when the new technology ways start working and emerging because the new technology is diffused so widely in society. For example, the widespread adoption of the networking has led to interesting innovations in the communication patterns of individuals such as executives conducting business while waiting in airport lounges or traveling in trains DUTTA MIA, 2006)World Economic Forum. ICT offers more opportunities for economic development and plays very important role in international competitiveness, rapid economic change, and productive capacity of improvements for developing countries. ICTs offer the developing countries many opportunities, as it has done in the developed world, when it created unprecedented possibilities for them. Studies have emphasized that there is evidence of a strong linkage between GDP growth and ICT investment showing the importance of ICT investment for development. Acquiring IT to support business needs is clearly a crucial prerequisite to exploiting the potential of IT. Unfortunately acquiring appropriate IT is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for utilizing it effectively. Organizations (i.e., leaders and managers) make primary adoption decisions, yet it is individuals within the firm who are the ultimate users and consumers of IT. Thus, it is evident that true business value from any information technology would derive only through appropriate use by its target user group. In other words, systems that are not utilized will not deliver the returns anticipated by managers. Evidence suggests that individual users can exhibit a variety of different behaviors when confronted with a new information technology: They may completely reject it and engage in sabotage or active resistance they may only partially utilize its functionality, or they may wholeheartedly embrace the technology and the opportunities it offers. Obviously, each behavior has some consequential outcomes both negative and positive for managers (Agarwal, 2000). Also, Organizations have increased their investment in information technology IT for planning in order to increase the efficiency of their business processes. Support management decision making and improve productivity. So IT become important tool to attaining competitive advantage for the organization and improves employees productivity and efficiency (Kim Lee Law, 2007), besides, -Many researches investigate the relation between IT investment and increase the productivity and the performance in the companies one of studies (sircar et al, 2000) which found several organization success with the spending on the IT but others were failed. (Agarwal karahanna, 2000) argue in this result that IT investment will be successful when IT utilized by the organization intended user in the way contribute to the strategy and the goals of the firms. Thus user acceptance is the key for the successes of the IT investment (Darsono, 2005), Even, for more than two decades information technology has be en the focus for researcher in information system this is because IT considers as the key to lead the organization for the good performance so many researches focus in the initial usage for IT or continuous usage for IT. 2.2- The advantages and disadvantages from adopting informationtechnology 2.2.1 The advantages Information technology uses to support the competitive strategy in helping the companies to reduce the costs of the company to give special offer for its products and services and give better care about customers and suppliers and to develop unions among the company and the company with the environment around the company and increase the virtue of its investment in IT resources. By using the information technology the organization or the companies will be able to develop the value of its business throughout making the customer value the focus of its strategy which is to keep track of its customers preferences to supply its products and services anytime anywhere by using the internet or intranet and extranet(e-commerce websites). A lot of organizations/companies use information technology and internet to reengineering its business process because information technology can make integration for the organization to work for the same goal of the organization and this improves the design of the work flows or the requirements of the job even the organization structures even improve the efficiency and the effectiveness. Information technology provides the communicatio

Fetal Brain Tissue Transplantation in Parkinsons Disease Patients Essa

Fetal Brain Tissue Transplantation in Parkinson's Disease Patients Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder characterized initially by muscular rigidity and slowing of voluntary movements (1). Ultimately, the characteristics are tremor, mask-like faces, decreased spontaneous blinking, flexion posture and sometimes cognitive impairment. The neuropathology of Parkinson's disease generally involves loss of cell bodies in all melanin-containing brain regions and invariably a loss of substantia nigra dopamine-containing neurons (DA). The principal target for dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra is the striatum and the loss of dopaminergic tone in the striatum is thought to produce most of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Since Parkinson's disease is a dopamine deficiency, treatment with L-Dopa, the precursor of dopamine, was successful in treating Parkinson's patients (1). However, these patients taking L-Dopa often develop side effects and in about 50% of the patients, the drug effectiveness is lost. As an alternative to drug therapy, the possibility of grafting dopamine-containing tissue into the brains was proposed. From the proposal, there have been a vast amount of experiments to test transplantation effectiveness. Work in amphibians and fish were the first to demonstrate the possibilities for neuronal replacement after damage in the central nervous system (2). In these species, especially in the visual system, grafted neurons were substituted both structurally and functionally for damaged axonal connections, and afferent and efferent connections were established with a high degree of specificity between the grafted neurons and the host. Evidence in adult sub-mammalian vertebrates has shown c... ...a, S., Brundin, P. and Gustavii, B., 1989, Human fetal dopamine neurons grafted into the striatum in two patients with severe Parkinson's disease. A detailed account of methodology and a 6-month follow-up. Archives of Neurology 46: 615-631. 6. Freed, C.R., Breeze, R.E., Rosenberg, N.L. and Schneck, S.A., 1990, Transplantation of human fetal dopamine cells for Parkinson's disease. Results at 1 year. 47: 505-512. 7. Jankovic, J., Grossman, R., Goodman, C. and Pirozzolo, F., 1989, Clinical, biochemical and neuropathologic findings following transplantation of adrenal medulla to the caudate nucleus for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 39: 1227-1234. 8. Allen G.S., Burns, R.S., Tulipan, N.B. and Parker, R.A., 1989, Adrenal medullary transplantation to the caudate nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Initial clinical results in 18 patients. 46: 487-491.

Seduction and Lust in Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market Essay

Seduction and Lust in Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market A seemingly innocent poem about two sisters’ encounters with goblin men, Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market† is a tale of seduction and lust. Behind the lattice of the classic mortal entrapment and escapement from fairyland, â€Å"Goblin Market† explores Laura’s desire for heterosexual knowledge, the goblin men’s desire for mortal flesh, and Laura and Lizzie’s desire for homosexual eroticism. Goblin men fascinate the sisters Laura and Lizzie, innocent virgins who were taught not to â€Å"peep at goblin men† (Rossetti, l. 49). Predominantly iambic tetrametric, â€Å"Goblin Market† follows a convoluted rhyming scheme and includes many enjambments, repetitions, and dialogues. This experimental form readily lends itself to natural storytelling and mirrors the experimentation of Laura and Lizzie. Laura, more curious than her sister, â€Å"[chooses] to linger/Wondering at each merchant man† (ll. 69-70). This curiosity and longing is expressed through Rossetti’s use of diction and rhyme in describing the girls’ â€Å"clasping arms and cautioning lips,/With tingling cheeks and finger tips† (ll. 38-39; italics mine). Laura is tempted to taste the luscious grapes the goblins peddle, though she acknowledges that the fruits’ â€Å"hungry thirsty roots† grow on alien soils (l. 45). Laura’s repetition of â€Å"Look, Lizzie, look, Lizzie† betrays her restless longings. The consecutive commencements with the word â€Å"one† and the assonance on the vowel â€Å"O† in the lines describing the goblins set the tone of urgency: â€Å"One hauls a basket,/One bears a plate,/One lugs a golden dish/Of many pounds weight† (ll. 54-59). This technique, like a refrain, punctuates the entire poem and Laura, wi... ...nd â€Å"dew-wet grass† (ll. 532-533). As with the girls’ experiences with the goblin men, this homoerotic experience is like a dream (l. 537). Laura and Lizzie, by sharing of themselves, discover that â€Å"there is no friend like a sister† (l. 562). Their love, redeeming and life giving, surpasses the seductive yet bitter fruits of the goblin men. Christina Rossetti’s â€Å"Goblin Market†, though punctuated with an air of innocence, is imbued with provocative imageries and rhymes. It encapsulates Laura’s desperate yearnings for the goblins’ fruits, the goblins’ lascivious desire to entrap chaste mortals, and Laura and Lizzie’s feverish love that is neither vulgar nor ephemeral. Works Cited Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. Illustrated by Laurence Housman. 1893. New York: Dover, 1983. Work Consulted Bellas, Ralph A. Christina Rossetti. Boston: Twayne, 1977.