Legal and Ethical Issues in Counseling An Overview

Significance of the Study People in the society have the right to be safeguarded from personal and psychological harm, loss of property and misuse of power. The general safeguards of society is best optimized through successful corrections community and organizational management, rehabilitation and training programs, in conformity with legal and ethical permissions, offender and staff accountability, and fulfilling the basic requirements of the offenders. The counselors have a special task to shield from harm those who are reluctantly under its care and control; therefore, modern standards for health care, offender classification, due process, fire and building safety, nutrition, personal welfare, and clothing and shelter must be†¦show more content†¦A number of researches of twins have proved that the hereditary role to youth violence is considerable. The conduct disorder is also a rather influential predictor of violent behavior. Substance abuse also increases the risk, however, along with the baseline critical mental syndrome, the risk rises further. Physical violence amongst the children is a powerful risk factor and increases violence, threat into adulthood using various means. Psychologically, a need of empathy and disruptive personality syndrome are found to be more prevalent in delinquents than in the general population. Other mental risk factors comprise of cognitive severity, lack of management skills, and an inclination to attribute violent intention by others. Moreover, the past history of violence is a significant interpreter of future violence, as it shows that the past risk factors did build up enough to cause violent acts and that there are prospects of repetition of such acts. In the National factors, and often the collusion of multiple situational triggers may need to occur before a violent outcome proceeds. Although many dynamic and static dangers favor violent behavior, other safety factors may stop the recurrence of such events. These might comprise of having dedicated and dynamic caregivers, a community support activist or counselor, or a religious figure that forbids violent activities. Violence forecast is intrinsically imprecise since there areShow MoreRelatedMental Health Care : Intentional Misdiagnosis Of Mental Disorders770 Words   |  4 PagesOverview of the Article Many mental health counselors work with managed care organizations (MCOs) to provide services to clients. While managed care guidelines determine how counselors deliver services and what they will be reimbursed for, many counselors are upset with how limiting the guidelines are. It is a challenge for counselors when insurance reimbursement is denied because the MCOs are not honoring DSM codes (Braun Cox, 2005). Therefore, counselors tend to submit inaccurate diagnoses thatRead MoreFederal Administrative Law And The Department Of Education1185 Words   |  5 PagesEducation (ED) agency was developed to improve the school system, by collecting data on schools and teaching in an effort to build effective schools (An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education, n.d., para 4). The mission of ED continues to promote improvement in the education system by creating programs that impact all levels of education (An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education, n.d., para 11-12). The ED e stablished the federal law known as the Family Educational Rights and Privacy ActRead MoreThe Difference between Administrative and Clinical Supervision1538 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch and important findings are presented in the conclusion. Review and Analysis Background and Overview Although professional standards were promoted throughout the 20th century in a wide range of settings (Centore Milacci, 2008), it has only within the last quarter century or so that the counseling profession established a formal entity called the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) in 1981 for this purpose (Adams, 2006). A year later, the NationalRead MoreRegardless Of The State In Which They Are Operating, Mental1151 Words   |  5 PagesRegardless of the State in which they are operating, mental health counselors are held to strict guidelines and laws that aim to keep the therapist-client relationship ethical and confidential. In the video, â€Å"Legal and Ethical Issues for Mental Health Professionals, Vol 1: Confidentiality, Privilege, Reporting, and Duty to Warn,† a conversation is directed by a judge on the rules and exceptions of these four topics, and how they relate to the therapist-client relationship. Within the video , threeRead MoreCounseling Services For A Counselor1565 Words   |  7 Pagesmight need to decline to provide counseling services to some clients/students who request them. a) In what circumstances might this be appropriate and ethical and how should that process be handled by the counselor? b) When would it be unethical for a counselor to decline to provide services? Support each response with a minimum of 3 relevant ACA and/or ASCA codes and the textbook. a) There are several times that a counselor might need to decline to provide counseling services. If a counselor is notRead MoreQuestions On Entering A Legal And Ethical Course2647 Words   |  11 PagesIn this section, discuss your initial apprehensions about entering into a legal and ethical course. What have you learned that has helped attend to those apprehensions? (25 pts) My initial nervousness about taking a legal and ethics class is whole idea of analyzing legal case studies. Just the thought of studying anything that has to do with the law, makes me slightly uncomfortable. The reason for this probably stems from my lack of background knowledge on the ins-and-outs of the entireRead MoreThe Evaluation Of Boeing Management Planning Essay example1383 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Boeing Cooperation has many legal, ethic, and social responsibilities that impact their organization. This paper will discuss a few of their responsibilities and how they impact the Boeing Corporation management planning. There are also many factors that impact the Boeing companies strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Three of these factors will be analyzed and then discussed with in. With â€Å"Boeing being the world largest aerospace company and the largest manufactureRead MoreEthics, Ethical, And Ethics2630 Words   |  11 Pagespaper discussed ethics in groups and it’s correlation to ethics in counseling. The paper was broken down into five parts: introduction, definition, examples of ethical code, peer reviewed articles are discussed to include various topics such as: ethical violations, causes of these violations, biblical perspectives, management techniques, and conclusion. A description was discussed in order to assist students with a brief overview of ethics. Data from reliable sources will be illustrated. ViolationsRead More Surrogate Motherhood Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversies surrounding the idea of surrogate motherhood, by its definition, it is a course of action that goes outside natural reproduction. Although surrogacy was first brought up in the bible it is only until recently that it has actually become an issue for criticism and debate. Factors such as the growth of infertility in modern society, coupled with the declining number of children available for adoption, and the development of surrogacy contract and commercial surrogacy agencies in 1976, have resultedRead MoreThe Peer Advisor Program Is A Pilot Program2411 Words   |  10 Pagesrespiratory therapist, etc. Hands on care givers have counseling available at no cost, however, these appointments are generally scheduled two weeks out, leaving the caregiver at a loss for coping with the real daily stresses of their field. The Peer Advisor can be paged, or called; for any situation to assist the care givers with their immediate needs, such as an unexpected death, traumatic death, family crisis issues, interpersonal issues with fellow staff, management or physicians. Care givers

Marketing of Tobacco Products Essay examples - 2282 Words

Marketing of Tobacco Products Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others.(Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders, Wong page 5) One of the products that are exchanged through marketing is cigarettes. Tobacco is considered an inherently unethical product because is addictive, dangerous and causes environmental damage. Tobacco is also considered a pleasing product because its immediate satisfaction is high but sometimes has harmful effects in the long run. One of the long run effects of smoking is that four million people are killed every year and is estimated that the figure will rise to ten million by 2030†¦show more content†¦(Yach, Brinchmann, Bellet page 4, 7 and Sloman page 85).This injustice, urged the department of justice to file a civil lawsuit in 1999, against the largest tobacco companies, to recover the cost that federal government has to spend on smoking-related illness each year. However our concern here is not only about the cigarette as a product but with the ethics of cigarettes as well, that affect the social process of marketing. This is because marketing process makes things worse and is also considered as unethical, and as a result has a significant negative impact on the societal welfare. Multinational tobacco companies apply sophisticated strategies ( such as putting flavor in the cigarettes and placing cigarettes in the shops near the sweets to make them more appealing) and invest huge amounts of money for marketing, in order to establish brand familiarity and future loyalty among young peoplem, to secure profits in the long run. The tobacco epidemic is a man-made international health crisis, created and sustained by multinational tobacco corporations. (Yach, Brinchmann, Bellet page 2). Fortunately, the tobacco industrys behavior is likely to change due to the increasing legal and societal pressures. Much legislation has been imposed to tobacco firms based on codes of behavior, different government strategies and litigations, especially after 1980 where anti-smoking groups reactions, led to higher restrictions throughoutShow MoreRelatedTobacco Products : Marketing, And Sales858 Words   |  4 Pagesany store, right behind the register after a grocery list has been completed. Tobacco products are multi-billion dollar industries that thrive on the addiction of its’ consumers. Although individuals have the right to use tobacco products, the United states should ban the production, marketing, and sales because the marketing is geared towards teens and young adults, the health issues contributed to the use of tobacco are overwhelming, they’re highly addictive, and the effects of second-hand smokeRead MoreTobacco Advertisement: Why Restrict Marketing of Tobacco Products that Creates a Tremendous Amount of Revenue and Jobs in America1604 Words   |  7 Pagesrisks of using tobacco are common knowledg e. It is a known fact that if someone smokes their chance of getting lung cancer is increased drastically, yet so many Americans choose to do so. The FDA is taking steps to tighten the rules of tobacco marketing, some of these rules will include prohibiting self-service tobacco displays in stores, restricting vending-machine sales, and forbidding most free samples of tobacco products. (Reid pg. 1) These are just small hits to the big tobacco industry, butRead MoreTobacco Use Among Adolescents And Young Adults1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Tobacco use among adolescents has been increasing over the years due to marketing strategies that target adolescents and attempt to promote beliefs that influence smoking behaviors. Many of the smoking behaviors are established in adolescents and young adults who are more influenced by exposure to promotional marketing advertisements such as billboards, transit ads, and other strategies that impose acceptable social norms among their peers. According to the CDC, in 2012, 6.7% of middleRead MoreTobacco Products And Its Effects On The United States876 Words   |  4 Pagescan be found in almost any store, right behind the register after a grocery list has been completed. Tobacco companies are multi-billion dollar industries that thrive on the addiction of its consumers. The United States government should take control of tobacco companies and ban the marketing, production, and sales of tobacco. This is because health issues contributed to the use of tobacco products are overwhelmingl y high; they’re very addictive; the effects of second-hand smoke are as harmful asRead MoreThe Ethical Concerns Involving Tobacco1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe main ethical concerns involving tobacco is well known to educated Americans; however, the ethics around the marketing aspects of tobacco, especially tobacco exposure to children, are less talked about. Some of the early marketing decisions of tobacco can be traced back to one of the most renowned and valuable cigarette brands in the world, Marlboro. Marlboro first emerged onto the tobacco scene at the beginning of the nineteenth century. They originally were a cigarette brand with a female-basedRead MoreThe Dangers Of Tobacco And Alcohol Companies1576 Words   |  7 PagesTobacco and alcohol companies are more widespread than ever and are expanding their target age group in the process of them increasing profit margins for their specific company. Excessive alcohol consumption and the associated negative health effects are a major public health concern since past and more recent studies. â€Å"Almost 4% of all deaths worldwide are attributable to alcohol† (Graham 1). Also, more than half of people who are frequent smokers started prior to the legal smoking age of eighteenRead MoreTobacco Use Will Kill One Billion People This Century978 Words   |  4 PagesHistory â€Å"IF LEFT UNCHECKED, TOBACCO USE WILL KILL ONE BILLION PEOPLE THIS CENTURY (www.bloomberg.org).† One billion people is a staggering number to die from a consumer product that is widely available and promoted worldwide by the multinational company Phillip Morris International. The explosion of mainstream tobacco use and acceptance in the twentieth century began with an attitude of glamor and toughness. This approach fueled by magnetic film stars smoking in the movies between the 1920’Read MoreEssay Cash Crop: The Silent Killer847 Words   |  4 Pagesin humanity. Tobacco Companies’ love of money causes them to continue to promote and sell tobacco products even though these products are excessively harmful to their customers. During advertising campaigns, tobacco advertisers research people most likely to use their product and target that audience by mentioning the positives of using tobacco. Tobacco companies attempt to sell their products through carefully crafted messages accompanying every tobacco advertisement. In tobacco ads, advertisersRead MoreIs Marketing Really All That Ethical?1453 Words   |  6 Pages Is Marketing really all that ethical? Marketing has been used as a forefront for promoting the sale of products, and services to customers for centuries. We see examples of marketing every day channeled through mediums such as television, radio, newspapers, product packaging, and massive billboards on the side of the road. As humans, we are naturally wired to fall for the so called ‘next best product’, the ‘intriguingly eye catching packaging’, and the ‘lowest price’. However, what we are notRead MorePhillip Morrison: Marketing Case Study1156 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing case study Phillip Morrison is one of the largest corporations in the United States, and an epitome of business success. The company nevertheless sells tobacco products, which are harmful for the health of the people. This dimension of their business operations increases the complexity of attaining success for the company, in the meaning that the organization has to employ powerful marketing tools to promote its products. The previous pages have revealed analyses of the company and

Leadership free essay sample

Examines need for ownership management to focus on leadership concepts in order to influence the direction of the organization. (more) Leadership free essay sample Parson identify as obstacles to growing Linear Systems in the mid-nineties; and what kinds of change strategies did he develop at Linear Systems? 1 ) According to the case, I think there are two main problems as obstacles to growing Linear Systems in the mid-nineties. One of the problems is the law enforcement agencies would not like using digital technology to generate data. Because they think it was easy to alter or multiply the data.This risk will threatened a departments credibility and potentially expose It to liability, especially It will damage o film-generated photographs, videocassettes or CDC. The other one Is the dealt technology was easy to become commoditized and customers would not to pay for support and service the Linear Systems which provided by Parsons company. When the digital photography accept the Liner as a new technology. At the same time, customers also respect this new equipment as well as use of this equipment. First, at the most basic level, meta-analysis allows us to estimate the more precise magnitude of the relationship between transformational leadership and follower individual performance than any of the primary studies included in the meta-analysis. While theory suggests that transformational leadership is associated with higher levels of performance from followers, prior meta-analyses have provided limited information about the size of this relationship. Thus, the first purpose of our article is to provide a more precise estimate of the relationship between transformational leadership and follower individual performance and to examine the generalizability of this relationship across settings. Second, when Bass (1985) initially suggested that transformational leadership motivates followers to perform â€Å"beyond expectations,† researchers were only beginning to differentiate between various types of performance criteria (Austin Villanova, 1992). Thus, the exact meaning of â€Å"performance beyond expectations† was not clearly specified. On one hand, transformational leadership may motivate followers to work harder, exerting more effort than would be expected from transactional leadership and resulting in higher levels of task performance. On the other hand, Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer (1996) have proposed that transformational leadership motivates followers to go beyond the minimum requirements of their job descriptions, resulting in higher levels of contextual performance. Finally, the focus of transformational leaders on challenging the status quo suggests that performance beyond expectations may result in higher levels of creativity and innovation among followers. Despite the fact that primary studies have examined the relationship of transformational leadership with task, contextual, and creative performance, none of the prior meta-analyses on transformational leadership have estimated the magnitude of these relationships. Thus, the second purpose of our meta-analysis is to investigate the relative impact of transformational leadership on follower task, contextual, and creative performance. Third, transformational leadership theory suggests that transformational leadership is related not only to individual follower performance but also to erformance at the group and organization levels (Bass, 1985; Conger Kanungo, 1998; Shamir, House, Arthur, 1993). However, no previous meta-analysis has provided a comparison of the relationship of transformational leadership with performance at all three levels. DeGroot et al. (2000) provided initial evidence that transformational leadership is positively related to team performance, but this analysis was based on a limited number of primary studies on team performance (k = 7). Judge and Piccolo (2004) identified a larger number of primary studies examining the relationship between transformational leadership and performance at the group and organizational levels (k = 41), but they combined these studies in Downloaded from gom. sagepub. com at PORTLAND STATE UNIV on December 5, 2012 Wang et al. 229 their meta-analysis, reporting the relationship between transformational leadership and group/organization performance. However, individual, group, and organization performance is likely influenced by different factors and through different mechanisms (Dansereau, Cho, Yammarino, 2006). As a result, the magnitude of the relationships of transformational leadership with performance at the three levels of analysis may differ (Yammarino et al. , 2005). Thus, a third purpose of our study is to estimate and compare the relationship of transformational leadership with individual, group, and organization performance. Finally, one of the most interesting theoretical claims of Bass (1997) is that transformational leadership has one-way augmentation effects over transactional leadership. That is, transformational leadership is hypothesized to predict follower performance beyond the effects of transactional leadership. Yet this proposition has not been systematically examined in predicting follower performance across performance criteria and levels of analysis. A small number of primary studies by Bass and his colleagues (Bass, Avolio, Jung, Berson, 2003; Howell Avolio, 1993) examined and found support for the augmentation effects at the group and organizational levels. Furthermore, Judge and Piccolo (2004) showed that transformational leadership had an augmentation effect on employee attitudes over contingent reward but no effect on leader job performance, suggesting the existence of possible boundary conditions of the augmentation hypothesis. Judge and Piccolo did not test the augmentation hypothesis for follower performance. Accordingly, the generalizability of the augmentation effect remains unclear across levels of analysis and across various performance criteria (task and contextual performance). Thus, the fourth purpose of our research, testing the generalizability of the augmentation effect, will allow us to not only test the overall validity of transformational leadership but also potentially make critical refinements to the theory. In sum, after decades of research on transformational leadership, the number of primary studies that link transformational leadership and performance is sufficient to allow us to better understand this relationship across criterion type and levels of analysis. This research has the potential to clarify the precise ways in which transformational leadership impacts performance and may increase the practical utility of transformational leadership theory (Corley Gioia, 2011). Moreover, by comparing the relative effects of transformational and transactional leadership on different types and levels of performance, we can learn more about how these two types of leadership may work together to facilitate both effective performance across types and levels. Downloaded from gom. sagepub. com at PORTLAND STATE UNIV on December 5, 2012 30 Group Organization Management 36(2) Hypotheses Transformational Leadership and Follower Performance at the Individual Level According to Bass (1985), transformational leaders exhibit four primary behaviors. First, through the behavior of inspirational motivation, transformational leaders develop and articulate a shared vision and high expectations that are motivating, inspiring, and challenging. Second, transformati onal leaders exhibit the behavior of idealized influence, serving as a role model by acting in ways that are consistent with the articulated vision. Third, transformational leaders intellectually stimulate their followers to challenge existing assumptions and solicit followers’ suggestions and ideas. Finally, through the behavior of individualized consideration, transformational leaders attend to the needs of their followers and treat each follower as a unique individual, thereby fostering feelings of trust in and satisfaction with the leader (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman, Fetter, 1990). Taken together, these transformational leadership behaviors are expected to motivate followers to perform at higher levels.

Pagbasa at pagsulat sa ibat ibang disiplina free essay sample

Prominent theories of democracy, both classical and modern, have asserted that democracy requires a distinctive set of cultural values and orientations from its citizens. 1 Although most political scientists generally agree that cultural values can have certain impacts on political processes in different societies, they disagree on the following three issues: 1) which particular cultural orientation can influence political processes in different societies. 2 Is there an â€Å"Asian Culture† that shapes political processes in such societies; 2) what specific cultural orientation influences political process and how do specific orientations exert their influence over the political process,3 and 3) whether culture has independent effects on political processes. 4 In this paper, I am trying to provide a preliminary answer to these critical 1 {Almond Verba 1963 #18}. 2 . (Almond and Verba1989a; Almond and Verba1989b; Inglehart, Ronald. 90a. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 90a). ; Inglehart, Ronald. 97. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in Forty-Three Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 97). We will write a custom essay sample on Pagbasa at pagsulat sa ibat ibang disiplina or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ; Inglehart, Ronald. The Renaissance of Political Culture. American political science review Vol, 82 No. 4 (88). ; Inglehart1977; Putnam2000; Putnam, Robert D. 93. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 93). ; Gibson, James L. Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance be Least-Liked? American Journal of Political Science Vol. 36 No. 2 (92). ; Gibson, James L. and Duch, Raymond M. Anti-Semitic Attitude of the Mass Public: Estimates and Explanations Based on a Survey of the Moscow Oblast. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 56 No. 1 (92). ; Gibson, James L. , Duch, Raymond M. , and Tedin, Kent L. Democratic Values and the transformation of the Soviet Union. Journal of Politics Vol, 54 No. 2 (92). ; Gibson, James L. and Duch, Raymond M. Emerging Democratic Values in Soviet Political Culture. In Public Opinion and Regime Change: The New Politics of Post-Soviet Societies, eds. Miller, Arthur H. , Reisinger, William M. , and Hesli, Vicki L. (Boulder, Colo. : Westview, 93) . ). 3 Almond and Verba argue that political culture influences democratic consolidation, other scholars believe that political culture can influence democratic transition. Still others believe that political culture influences the way democracy works in different societies. 4 For the argument that the political culture has independent effects on political processes, see (Laitin, David D. and Wildavsky, Aaron. Political Culture and Political Preferences. The American Political Science Review Vol. 82 No. 2 (88). ; Pye, Lucian W. Political culture revisited. Political psychology Vol, 12 No. 3 (91). ; Wilson1992; Inglehart, Ronald. The Renaissance of Political Culture. American political science review Vol, 82 No. 4 (88). ). For the critique of cultural theory, see (Jackman, Robert W. and Miller, Ross A. The Poverty of Political Culture. American Journal of Political Science Vol, 40 No. 3 (96). ; Jackman, Robert W. and Miller, Ross A. A Renaissance of Political Culture. American Journal of Political Science Vol, 40 No. 3 (96). ). The study of urban politics has come to focus on urban policy studies rather than on the differentiating characteristics of urban areas themselves. Yet, the urban-rural cleavage is still one of the most profound sources of differentiations in political behavior, not only in the United States, but in other areas of the world. Cultural Impacts on Political Processes In this section, I am going to demonstrate how cultural values influence political processes. The first generation of culturalists argued that certain cultural values, such as political interests, knowledge of governmental processes, political efficacy, and trust are important because they facilitate participation. Differences in the distribution of these important values between â€Å"traditional† and â€Å"modern† societies should be, at least, partially responsible for differences in the level of participation by citizens in different societies. When people in traditional society acquired â€Å"democratic orientation,† the level of political participation in that society increase which in turn will press political leaders to further â€Å"open the society up. † 16 This line of reasoning, it seems to me, is built largely on the institutionalist assumption. It assumes that the behavioral logic for people in different societies is identical. The differences among people in different societies more often lie in whether 16 (Nie, Norman H. , Powell, Bingham G. Jr. , and Prewitt, Kenneth. Social Structure and Political Participation: Developmental Relationships, Part I. American Political Science Review Vol, 63 No. 2 (69). ; Nie, Norman H. , Powell, Bingham G. Jr. , and Prewitt, Kenneth. Social Structure and Political Participation: Developmental Relationships, Part II. American Political Science Review Vol, 63 No. 3 (69). ). 25 they understand particular governmental processes and whether they are efficacious. People are characterized either as parochial who are not aware of the impacts of politics on their life, or subjects who do not think they can influence political processes, or citizens who are aware of their own rights and believe they are capable of participating in politics. When parochial and subjects acquire psychological resources to become citizens, the behavioral logic identified by rational choice theorists–to maximize utilitywill prompt them to participate in politics. But such an argument is only partially a cultural one. By assuming the behavioral logic of people in different societies to be identical, scholars fall into the institutional trap. What has been forgotten by the first generation of culturalists is that the behavioral logic for people in different societies may be different and such differences can have significant consequences on various aspects of political life. We agree that institutional change will eventually alter the behavioral logic of people in traditional society, but our analyses presented in the previous section suggests such change does not occur over night with simple changes in institutions. Specifically, we expect political culture as exemplified by norms influences political processes in the following ways. First, people’s orientation toward authority and collectivism shape their perception of â€Å"good government. † Since democratic ideas have become widespread globally after the â€Å"third wave† of democratization, every government, even the most authoritarian ones, packages themselves as being a certain form of democracy, we can expect these norms should help shape people’s 26 understanding of democracy. Those who see authority relationships as hierarchical should be more likely to understand democracy in terms of paternalistic care by government of its own citizens, rather than as an institutional arrangement for people to choose government leaders and to supervise their behavior. To them, democracy means government officials soliciting people’s opinion before making decisions and taking their interests into consideration when making decisions with regard to the country. Alternatively, those perceiving proper relationships with authority as reciprocal are more likely to perceive democracy as a procedural arrangement for them to participate in politics and more importantly, as providing citizens with rights to constrain government behavior. For the same reasons, we can expect a similar division between individualistic and collective orientation. Secondly, we would expect that such norms should influence the intentions of people to get involved in unconventional political action. It is reasonable to argue that a collective and hierarchical orientation may make political actors either give up their own interests for those of certain collective entities or believe it is not proper for them to burden those in power with their private interests. Such orientations, however, do not prevent people from participating in politics. Instead, they establish a threshold that limits the choice of political actors in their private interest articulation. We thus expect that people with these two traditional norms are unlikely to engage in and approve unconventional political actions. Finally, we expect that tolerance for bad behavior by government varies for people with different psychological orientations. Those perceiving proper relationship 27 with authority as hierarchical and those with a collective orientation should be more likely to tolerate their government than others, even if it is not responsive, nor provides them with good policies or honest officials. In the former case, they are more willing to believe there is a reason behind such bad behavior and the government either will take care of their long term interests and/or will take care of their interests later on. For the latter, although certain policies may jeopardize their interests, they may be willing to give up their private interests for a collective entity rather than withdraw their support of the government. For people with a different orientation, however, the relationship with authority may be perceived as reciprocal–when they delegate power to the government to rule, they expect the government to have an obligation to deliver what they want. If the government fails to deliver, they will withdraw their support. We thus expect such an orientation also influence whether people trust their government in different societies. Do people’s orientation have any impacts on their understanding of democracy? To explore this question, I recoded the answer to the question asking the meaning of democracy into two categories. The answers perceiving democracy in terms of paternalism are coded into -1 and the answers perceiving democracy in terms of procedures, participation, and rights into 1. We then added all answers together to create an index. Positive values in the index tells us that people perceive democracy in terms of procedures, participation, and rights. Zero means the answer given by the respondents are mixed. As is continually argued, a sense of rights of ordinary citizens is at the center of 28 modern democracy. Only when political actors perceive democracy as an institutional arrangement for them to excise their right to choose governmental leaders and/or to participate in the decision making process can we expect democracy in a society to function properly. We thus code the answers which sees democracy as a right as 1 all the others, including missing values as zero and use it as another variable that measures people’s understanding of democracy

20 Analysis Essay Topics Meet Some Great Ways to Discuss Quantitative Policy Analysis

20 Analysis Essay Topics Meet Some Great Ways to Discuss Quantitative Policy Analysis If you need topics for your quantitative policy research paper, review the topics below. Remember that these are only meant as a guide and may not be applicable to your exact topic requirements so check your assignment details or instructions before beginning: How Quantitative Policy Analyses Help Policymakers to Investigate Health Risks for Specific Populations The Methodological Strategies Employed by Quantitative Researchers to Examine Social Problems How Quantitative Policy Analyses Help Policymakers to Investigate Traffic Patterns How Quantitative Policy Analyses Help Policymakers to Assess Educational Opportunities Quasi-experimental Designs Quantitative Policy Analyses versus Regression Analyses How Quantitative Policy Analyses Help Policymakers to Investigate the Effectiveness of Specific Instructional Practice Issues of Validity among Quantitative Methodological Strategies How Quantitative Policy Analyses Influence the Policy Making Process The Usefulness of Quantitative Evidence in the Promotion of Public Policies How Quantitative Methods Help Policymakers to Critically Evaluate Claims and Research Backing Said Claims for Their Policy Promotions The Application of Quantitative Traditions in Your Preferred Area of Study How to Interpret Results from Quantitative Methods and Communicate Said Results to Policymakers Why Quantitative Investigations Help Solve Social Problems Through the Application of Social Science Related Statistical Methods How Quantitative Methods Allow Policy Makers to Review Relevant Policy Propositions Which Relate to Public Health, Education, Welfare, or Criminal Issues How Dioxins Research Can Aid Policy Transformation for Public Health How Policymakers Distinguish between High and Low Quality Empirical Research When Making Decisions How Policies Can Be Improved In Poverty, Criminal Justice, Health, Education, Development, Welfare, and Others How Quantitative Research Design Produces Convincing Analyses Using Largescale and Small-scale Datasets How Incarceration Research Can Aid Policy Transformation for Economic Policy How Empirical Social Science Research is Analyzed to Utilize Practical Applications and Solve Real-world Public Policy Problems Also below is a sample on one of them to help you in your writing process: Sample Research Essay: How Incarceration Research Can Aid Policy Transformation for Economic Policy The parental contribution to the growth of a child is significantly interesting. Literature has consistently shown that marital status of the parents has an influence on adolescents from minority ethnicities. It will have an elevated impact from the instability of the parents’ marital status. Forceful separation of parents has been linked to emotional difficulties. These reside in the behaviors of the aboriginal children, a minority ethnicity in Australia (Silburn, 2006, p. 13). In addition, concerns such as systemic expression of intergenerational effects are linked to separations. These have to do with the relocation of parents. Arguably, such observations point on the contribution of parents to the growth their adolescent children experience. However, it may be argued that adolescents are rather advanced to be affected by the separation of their parents (Silburn, 2006, p. 15). Besides, the stage is associated with a vast number of anti-parental concerns (Silburn, 2006, p. 1 4). It is significantly interesting to consider the challenges associated with children of ethnic minorities. This is in the hope of fathoming the driving reason behind the noted observations. Minority ethnicities suffer from numerous challenges that affect their immediate quest for survival. Apparently, being clustered as a minority ethnicity implies that the subsequent concerns of equity and survival needs to be safeguarded in the constitution (Silburn, 2006, p. 13). On such note, the parent may be perceived to be the central fortress of support associated with the children (Oliveira, et.al, 2007, p. 35). However, it would be difficult to narrow such response. It would also be difficult to narrow reactions. Especially in order to target the mental health of the adolescent child. Key questions that need to be considered include the manner upon which they express their frustrations. Besides, it may be argued that the mental health associated with the minority ethnics has a contribution from their marginalized status. Literature indicates that adolescent obesity is a function of parents’ marital instability. Studies show that mental health instability may be a critical contribution in support of this argument. On that note, it is critical to consider the elemental attributes that are promoted by instability in mental health. Various cases exhibiting excessive eating habits as a result of the piling psychological instability have been suggested across populations. An immediate response accorded to excessive eating behaviors remains the suggestion of obesity. In most cases, some adolescent children tend to seek solace on food as an avenue of addressing their psychological crisis (Oliveira, et.al, 2007, p. 33). It may, therefore, be argued that the emergence of obesity cases in adolescent from minority ethnicities revolves on instability in parental structure. However, developing such an assumption would have outweighed other perceptions that relate to the occurrence of obesity. There is a direct link between anxiety disorders and parents’ marital relationship. Various elements of such a disorder may be quantified on adolescents from minority ethnicities in order to prelude their contributions regarding the eventual instability in mental health (Oliveira et al., 2007, p. 37). Despite such a suggestion, the concept of linking disorders arising from separation anxiety to the mental health development is paramount (Oliveira, et.al, 2007, p. 39). Various proposals on the models to evaluate the expression of the considered anxiety disorders have been suggested. This includes the use of the family identification test (Oliveira, et.al, 2007, p. 36). Arguably, the approach remains one of the most viable. This is especially with regard to the disorder to the marital status of the parents. However, the observations on the distinctions between the children expressing the considered disorder and the healthy ones have been suggested to be minimal (Oliveira, et.al, 2007, p. 34). Although a suggestion on long-term effects remains among the most promising links towards the promotion of the behavior as an illustrator. It is an illustrator of considered effects on adolescents. References: Birnbaum, L. S. (1994). The mechanism of dioxin toxicity: relationship to risk assessment. Environmental health perspectives, 102(Suppl 9), 157. Morgan, M. Granger, Max Henrion, and Mitchell Small.  Uncertainty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Print. Nagel, Stuart S.  Policy Analysis Methods. Commack, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, 1999. Print. OLeary, Michael Kent, and William D Coplin.  Quantitative Techniques In Foreign Policy Analysis And Forecasting. New York: Praeger, 1975. Print. Oliveira, A. M, Oliveira, A. C, Almeida, M. S, Oliveira, N., Adan, L. (2007). Influence of the family nucleus on obesity in children from northeastern Brazil: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. Retrieved from biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/235 Sadoulet, Elisabeth, and Alain De Janvry.  Quantitative Development Policy Analysis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Print. Silburn, S. (2006). The intergenerational effects of forced separation on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal children and young people. Family Matters: Indigenous Families, 75, 10-17. Stokey, Nancy L.  Recursive methods in economic dynamics. Harvard University Press, 1989. Rausser, Gordon C., Johan Swinnen, and Pinhas Zusman.  Political power and economic policy: theory, analysis, and empirical applications. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

8 Character Development Exercises to Help You Nail Your Character

8 Character Development Exercises to Help You Nail Your Character 8 Character Development Exercises to Help You Nail Your Character Even the most fast-paced, action-driven novels need compelling characters to keep readers engaged. Of course, readers will never â€Å"get to know† a character if the author doesn’t have a thorough understanding of who they are and what is driving them first. To this end, we’re about to get real close and personal with a few character development exercises.Character development exercises are a great way to give yourself a better understanding of the person you are creating with pen and paper (or â€Å"fingers and keyboard,† more likely). They also help you create resources that you can pull from during the writing process. In order to help bring your character to life, we are breaking character development down into three stages:Establish your character’s current emotional motivationsPut your character into contextBring your character to life Even the most fast-paced, action-driven novels need compelling characters to keep readers engaged. Establishing your character’s internal motivationsNailing down your character's fundamental goal - the thing that is truly important to them - will help you see what is driving them right now and why their story is worth telling at this moment in their lives. Without an internal goal to achieve, your story will lack a narrative arc. Perhaps even worse, your characters will come off as flat. How to Create a Character Profile: the Ultimate Guide (with Template) Read post Exercise #6: Break the iceThink about it: how many times have you been asked in one form or another, â€Å"So, tell me about yourself?† It’s a classic ice-breaker question, and, these days, with social media and the overwhelming variety of ways for us to â€Å"present ourselves† to the world, the stakes of â€Å"tell me about yourself† have never been higher. Of course, we change the way we answer this question based on who we’re talking to. Further chip away at your character and establish how they present themselves to others by imagining how they would briefly describe themselves in the following situations: In a job interviewOn a first dateCatching up with an old friendFlirting with someone at a partyIn their Twitter bioAt the border between the US and MexicoExercise #7: A little less conversation, a little more actionWhen you meet someone, you do not start by announcing your height, weight, hair, and eye color, so please do not introduce your c haracter to readers like this. But how to avoid describing looks and physicality without chunks of exposition? Consider this line from James Joyce’s Ulysses: â€Å"He looked in Stephen's face as he spoke. A light wind passed his brow, fanning softly his fair uncombed hair and stirring silver points of anxiety in his eyes.†Joyce takes advantage of a moment of action to shed light on Stephen’s looks and his anxious demeanor. Try your hand at conveying your character through action by first writing a list of physical traits that apply to your character. Next, with that list at hand, write a scene where something is happening - whether it’s a conversation, laundry-folding, cooking, etc. Weave references to your character’s physicality into the action.Exercise #8: Take them on a test-driveSometimes a bad case of writer’s block boils down to a broken connection between you and your protagonist, and the solution can be a change of scenery. Not for you - for your character! Writing prompts are a good way to get the creative juices flowing and can help you clear out the block so your character can continue down your story’s path.For a weekly supply of fresh writing prompts, head here. For your protagonist to shine through the page, they need to have their own voice. It’s only once you have acquired a thorough understanding of your protagonist, that a compelling and realistic character will shine through the page. However, there is disagreement in the world of writing communities regarding what information is or is not relevant for an author to know about a character. While we believe it’s probably unnecessary for an author know the number of hairs on their character’s head, we also believe you can never know too much about your protagonist. What’s important is discerning what information is significant to the current story you’re writing. As Ray Bradbury wrote in Zen in the Art of Writing: â€Å"Plot is no more than footprints left in the snow after your characters have run by on their way to incredible destinations.†If you’ve tried any of our suggested character development exercises, or if you have favorite tricks of your own, let us know in the comments!

Motivating and Lying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivating and Lying - Essay Example tivation deals with the causes of people’s behavior, it attempts to explain why we behave in the way that we do.† There are instances when a person needs words of encouragement to feel better towards the things that surrounds him. Often, the motivational statements are true however there are times when the statements are false or considered as a lie. When the statement is not yet discovered to be false, the person who the statement was addressed would definitely feel uplifted, inspired and motivated. However, when the falsehood of the statement is exposed, either the person whom the message was addressed to will feel betrayed or used depending on the extent of the events that happened prior to exposure or the statement will be taken as a form of non-sense and the effects of it can be disregarded. Most commonly, it is the instinct theory of motivation which is used especially in the professional aspect of a person’s life. As expressed by Comer & Gould (2012) that â€Å"behavior is motivated by instincts.† Once said it is safe to conclude that there is that concealed motivation within a person. Either these motivation bundles just need some push to be opened or a tickle to function at the right moment. Or there are instances that when a person sees a good opportunity that is when motivation attacks and the person is given more enthusiasm towards certain events. It will be quite disappointing though when a falsehood in a motivational statement is found however when in the long run the â€Å"lie† resulted into a positive action from the person and began to make changes in one’s life, it would not matter anymore because it made realization within the self of one’s capabilities and

Conflict in Ivory Coast of 2011 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Conflict in Ivory Coast of 2011 - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the Ivory Coast conflict resulted from grave cleavages grounded in religion, nationality, and ethnicity. In their attempt to strengthen their monopoly upon power, politicians get caught into these differences and along the way, paved way for the outbreak of the civil war. In December 2010, a dispute of election ignited violence among the followers of the President Laurent Gbagbo and supporters of Alassane Ouattara, the opposition leader. The electoral commission’s announcement of the results that declared Ouattara as a winner of the presidency’s second voting round became the cause of the dispute. Gbagbo rejected the results with his stronghold in the country’s south and accused that Outtara’s votes were inflated as a result of rigging in the northern Ivory Coast’s opposition home base. This threw the Ivory Coast into a political deadlock. Gbagbo and Ouattara both took oath as presidents of the countr y and both appointed their own cabinets, though Gbagbo had to face the pressure from the international community to step down as the international community had accepted only Ouattara as president. Many lives were lost, a lot of property got destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of people were displaced during the course of the clashes between the supporters of the two presidents. As a result of the violence that had erupted, the country was divided into two parts; the south controlled by Gbagbo’s army and the north governed by Ouattara’s rebels.... The plantations of coffee and cocoa were run by the immigrant laborers brought first by the French colonialists into the country. To ensure their sustenance in the Ivory Coast after independence, Houphouet-Boigny enhanced the immigrant laborers’ right to live as well as work in the country. Although the policies of Houphouet-Boigny were quite progressive, yet they could not remove the inequalities between north and south. The disparity mainly arose because of the fact that most plantations of coffee and cocoa were located in the south whereas north only had a small share of plantations. Houphouet-Boigny attempted to address this issue by commencing the production of food on commercial scale in the north. Circumstances changed for the worse when the prices of coffee and cocoa dropped in the 1980s on the world markets (â€Å"Ivory Coast – Economy†). This certainly had unfavorable consequences for the economy of the Ivory Coast. Plummeting living standards and risin g petroleum prices spurred student riots and civil unrest. Vanishing job opportunities and declining income caused the young people to seek work in the informal sector but the immigrant workers had already occupied most of the best areas. This strengthened the negative feelings of the Ivorians toward the immigrants (Collier). The economic difficulties that resulted increased the differences between the immigrants and the indigenous Ivorians as well as between the southerners and the northerners. Since the northerner indigenous Ivorians had settled in the south in large numbers, conflicts between the northerners and the southerners ensued. Differences of ethnicity and religion

Ikea Case Study Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ikea Case Study Analysis Essay Symptoms IKEA has a strong international brand recognition built upon a unique philosophy and low product prices, combined with solid sales performance. IKEA’ s famous vision is â€Å"to create a better everyday life for many people†. The company maintains total control of its design, pricing and supply of product ranges globally, and thus has a product portfolio that caters for most consumer lifestyles and budgets. IKEA is very much reliant on Europe, with 82% of stores located in this region, European market can be regarded as saturated and in times of economical downturn sales in coming years will are unlikely to be something more than just â€Å"modest†. Problem definition Whether to continue IKEA expansion to new markets, e.g. Asian market? And how to secure IKEA’s competitive advantage in the future? Alternatives First alternative: In order to keep good quality standards of IKEA products, no further extension to new markets in the nearest future + It will give an opportunity to preserve well-known global brand and its strong position at European and American market The company will lose market share The sales will reduce Second alternative: Continue expansion into non-Western markets, including China + Sales increase by gaining the market -The image of IKEA may be weakened as in China it may be very hard to keep with quality standards at the same time offering products for extremely low price Recommendations I would recommend to focus more on markets, where IKEA is currently doing its business. Expansion to China’s market with very tough conditions (in terms of price) may change the IKEA forever and even destroy the company, it will be another very cheap and not very qualitative retailer from China, but not IKEA anymore. Having chances for gaining Asian market, IKEA may have big threat to loose European and American market. I believe there is always room for improvement, IKEA could enhance services, for example develop of e-commerce, consumers may find Internet shopping preferable, as the Ikea reputation means that they are already assured of the quality and craftsmanship of Ikea products, which is opposed to the present belief of Ikea that customers should be able to feel and check the quality of products before purchase.

Science At the Wheel: Driving into the Future of the Environmental Move

Science At the Wheel: Driving into the Future of the Environmental Movement Science has been able to approximate that the human race has existed for only 400,000 years on this 4.56 billion year old planet. Yet in its brief history humanity has had a far greater impact than any other species. Since the dawn of the industrial revolution, the rate and complexity of this impact has only increased. With such profound influence on our environment must come greater responsibility. Scientists, as the leading explorers in this new age of technology, share an important part of this responsibility. Their innovations have shaped the world to be what it is today, and it is their research that will be the foundation for tomorrow. Science provides the vehicle that will drive society into the future. Science explores, observes, and explains the world around us. It both finds and attempts to solve problems with the ultimate goal of benefiting society. The health of the environment is increasingly associated with the well-being of society. Therefore, the problems of industria l and agricultural pollution have to be a priority for the scientist. Science has played a major role in creating this modern problem and therefore must now take the lead in solving it. Having identified the pollution problem initially, scientists more fully understand the extent and severity of this problem. The correlation between cancer and pesticides was identified and continues to be studied by biologists and physicians. It is chemists who have been called to classify the 20,000 Superfund sites and to report on toxic chemicals seeping into homes, schools, and drinking water. Scientists, in general, have studied and stressed the importance of ecosystem diversity... .... Rifkin, Jeremy. "Apocalypse When?" New Scientist. 31 October 1998. Safina, Carl. "To Save the Earth, Scientists Should Join Policy Debates." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 6 November 1998: A80. Satchell, Michael and Betsy Carpenter. "The Disaster That Wasn't." US News and World Report 18 September 1989: 60-69. Soloman, Wendy. "Horsehead subpoenas termed typical tactic." Allentown Morning Call, March 31, 1998. Van Dyne, Larry. "Thank God for the Country Boys; Ten Miles From the White House, Government Scientists Are Working to Bring You a Greener Lawn, Juicier Peaches, Leaner Pork, and Other Wonders." Washingtonian. August 1992. Verrengia, Joseph. "Weapons against pollution? Poplar trees drink up toxins." Seattle Times. (September 30, 1998) http://www.seattletimes.com/news/nation-world/ntml98/altopopl 093098.html. Seattle Times webpage.

Economic Challenges In Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

This paper explores the uninsured and underinsured job that is known in America. It talks about perplexing statistics sing these two issues. Another subject discussed is the Health Care Reform measure and asks why America is so opposed to such a good alteration. The chief focal point of this paper is on California and more specifically San Mateo County. Discussed are province and county wellness benefits along with one of San Mateo County ‘s largest wellness system Mills-Peninsula Health Services, which is a Sutter Health affiliate.Economic Challenges in Health CareToday, wellness attention is at the top of societal and economic issues that are faced by Americans. Medical attention and insurance costs are on the rise and are impacting the support of a huge bulk of Americans. Americans are being faced with the inability to pay for medical attention that is needed. In the whole image this is non merely impacting the uninsured but Americans with wellness insurance are besides affe cted. The province of California has high Numberss of people that are uninsured or underinsured. California has different plans in topographic point to help the general populace that is missing equal wellness coverage and besides aids those with no coverage. California has province and county plans to assist with the load of non holding insurance and it besides helps supplement occupants who are underinsured. Medi-Cal is one of the most accessed plans by the occupants of California. The county of San Mateo is one of the larger counties in California and holds some of the highest Numberss of underinsured and uninsured people of the province. This county has plans set in topographic point that will assist with those who qualify. Mills-Peninsula Medical Services, one of the largest wellness systems in the county, besides provides aid for those who are underinsured and/or uninsured. Mill-Peninsula Medical Services is a portion of the Sutter Health System, which is a not-for-profit organ isation that is community based. Mills-Peninsula is at that place for the community and for people who need wellness attention that can non afford it at other installations. When looking at all of the Numberss and statistics, why does America non desire the Health Care Reform? The Health attention Reform will offer legion benefits to America. Americans need to be able to swear their authorities and necessitate to be assured that the authorities is making what is best for the United States.-I think you should interrupt this immense paragraph into a few smaller 1s. Seems like it is all running together but needs some differentiation. Underinsured are those in the population who have wellness insurance but still have fiscal troubles paying for their wellness attention demands. Underinsured persons are faced with lifting wellness attention premiums, deductibles, and copayments every bit good as their insurance programs holding restrictions for assorted services. Underinsured persons may be besides faced with higher out-of-pocket disbursals. The United States is get downing to be known as a state with the worst wellness attention systems in the universe. The United States does non supply any kind of cosmopolitan wellness attention for its citizens and besides has one of the highest rates of wellness attention expenditures. The following are facts harmonizing to wellness attention statistics: In 2007, about 50 million Americans did non hold wellness insurance, while another 25 million were underinsured. The sum people pay for wellness insurance increased 30 per centum from 2001 to 2005, while income for the same period of clip merely increased 3 per centum. The entire one-year premium for a typical household wellness insurance program offered by employers was $ 12,680 in 2008. Health attention expenditures in the United States exceed $ 2 trillion a twelvemonth. In comparing, the federal budget is $ 3 trillion a twelvemonth. The figure of people who are underinsured has grown 60 per centum to 25 million over the past four old ages. The fastest turning section of the underinsured is the in-between and upper income households ( Health attention statistics 2011 ) . In the population of the uninsured, an estimated ten per centum of kids and striplings still remain uninsured, about eight million. Research has been conducted and its consequences have shown that 20 per centum of kids and striplings will hold a diagnosable mental or substance usage status each twelvemonth, which in Numberss is about 1.6 million. The figure of grownups who are uninsured is about 20 per centum of Americans, which is 37 million people under the age of 65 ( Manderscheid, 2011 ) . These Numberss are being shown higher due to the American unemployment rate. It is expected to turn every bit long as the unemployment Numberss stay increased. Statistically by cultural beginning, 19.6 per centum of African-Americans and 32.7 per centum of Hispanics are uninsured while the White, non-Hispanic population merely account for 11.3 per centum ( Manderscheid, 2011 ) . While those Numberss are merely demoing the population that is without insurance the following class to be discussed is Americans who have insurance but are underinsured. Approximately 50 per centum of kids and striplings are underinsured, 40 million in Numberss ( Manderscheid, 2011 ) . Adults under the age of 65 are frequently underinsured by Medicare and Medicaid due to certain restrictions. For the one-hundred million grownups who have insurance through private suppliers, being underinsured is a job for about six million of them ( Manderscheid, 2011 ) . It is easy to see why people are uninsured due to the fact they either do non take to hold a wellness program or they can non afford to hold a medical wellness program. Looking into why people are underinsured includes many factors. Some grounds for being underinsured include but are non limited to employers non holding group insurance offered to their employees. Another ground is wellness benefits being excessively expensive, therefore persons can non afford programs. Although persons may measure up for province insurance, their portion of cost may be excessively expensive. Underinsured persons include people who are insured all twelvemonth but have at least one of the undermentioned qualifiers: medical disbursals greater than ten per centum of one-year income, an one-year income less than two-hundred per centum of the federal poorness degree and medical disbursals greater than five per centum of one-year income, wellness program deductibles equal to or greater than five per centum of one-year income ( Nunley, MD, 2008 ) . The undermentioned are known facts about underinsured Americans: About 16 million grownups with full-year coverage were underinsured in 2003. One out of every three grownups in the United States is either uninsured or underinsured. Underinsured grownups are more likely than those with more equal coverage to face hold programs with higher cost- sharing characteristics, program bounds, and more restrictive benefits. Despite their more limited coverage, underinsured grownups frequently incur high out-of-pocket costs. One-third of the underinsured rated their insurance negatively, approximately double the rate of those with more equal insurance. The underinsured are more likely than those with more equal coverage to be insured by beginnings other than employer-based programs than those with more equal coverage ( Nunley, MD, 2008 ) . These statistics are perplexing. It is dismaying to conceive of these types of Numberss to be true. One would ne'er believe that here in America, the citizens are traveling without equal wellness attention needs because of being uninsured and/or underinsured. With these scaring Numberss and statistics shown above, one would believe that the American leaders would be stepping in to assist modulate the wellness attention demands of their people. It is known that when these wellness attention measures are non being paid it is increasing the cost of wellness attention in America as a whole. If a infirmary and/or clinic is non having money due to Americans being unable to pay their medical measures, so in fact, wellness installations will necessitate to increase costs for those who can afford wellness attention so the installation, itself can remain afloat. Health attention reform was set into drama by United States President Barack Obama to offer the population to have wellness attention benefits. The ideal ground for the Health Care Reform is to diminish the cost of wellness attention in America. There are many people who are against this. The logical thinking is so simple to see with all of the benefits that it has to offer. So why non take advantage of this? A great intelligence publication was done by MSNBC where polls were taken on the positions of Americans. A inquiry that was asked was â€Å" do you believe the authorities should remain out of Medicare? ( Schuster, August 20, 2010 ) † Thirty-nine per centum of Americans said â€Å" Yes † to this inquiry, but why? Why do Americans truly believe that the authorities should remain out of this? Of those 39 per centum of Americans, do they non already cognize that Medicare is already a authorities remunerator plan? We all are already paying revenue enhancements to hold Medicare. America to a point must be misinformed or non even cognize what Medicare truly is. The inquiry that made an oculus gap experience is that 54 per centum of people who took this study thought that if wellness attention was reformed it would take to authorities take over. Peoples in America must be opposed to alter. There are no words stated in the measure that should of all time take to a authorities return over. When looking at other states that have cosmopolitan wellness attention, it is really successful. People sense alteration and do non desire to listen to the facts of what benefits this will offer to America. Another ground many American citizens are concerned with wellness attention reform is that they are scared of a authorities decease panel. Forty-five per centum of people who were surveyed thought that the Health Care Reform would really bespeak that the authorities would hold a say ( Schuster, August 20, 2010 ) . This in all actuality would non be a bad thought. Should a revenue enhancement remunerator be responsible to hold to pay for person whose household members want to maintain them on life support? If there are known facts that a patient is encephalon dead and there are no other options so yes, why non hold a panel that decides this? If America wants to maintain their wellness attention monetary values low so there does necessitate to be boundaries set. The measure, though, does non province any kind of a decease panel. Why is America so afraid of this so? Some Americans feel that they have been misinformed about old determinations and now some are unsure for this new alteration. Harmonizing to some of these statistics, this could be the job. America needs to be able to confront alteration and assure themselves that this is the best option. Harmonizing to the measure, the cost will be $ 940 billion dollars over 10 old ages. In twenty old ages this will cut down our shortage by $ 1.2 trillion dollars ( Jackson, 2010 ) . The measure states that no wellness attention coverage would cover abortions ( Jackson, 2010 ) . Some Americans believe that this will be covered but why do they believe this when it has been clearly lined out in the measure. Since the twelvemonth of 2000, California has had a big addition in the per centums of people who are uninsured. Almost one tierce of the uninsured have household incomes of more than $ 50,000 per twelvemonth. In the province of California more than 60 per centum of the uninsured populations are Latino. California has the 6th largest proportion of uninsured in the state and the largest entire figure of uninsured ( Fronstin, 2010 ) . California has 32.5 million in the entire population of the province. In those entire Numberss 6.8 million are uninsured occupants. This figure shows that there is a entire of 21 per centum of California occupants that do non transport any kind of wellness coverage. Over the past few old ages, Medi-Cal has helped countervail such worsening Numberss in California occupants non holding insurance but it is non available to everyone ; hence, it is difficult for the occupants to hold linkage to measure up for this province wellness plan. A terrific fact stated by Fronstin is that â€Å" California has a higher proportion of uninsured occupants and lower rates of employer-based coverage than the state as a whole † ( Fronstin, 2010 ) . In the province of California, one in five households that have an income between $ 50,000- $ 74,999 rely on some kind of public aid that is offered through the province or the county that the persons reside in. Research has shown that approximately 10 per centum of Californians with household incomes above $ 75,000 are without wellness insurance ( Fronstin, 2010 ) . This is why California needs to and does supply some kind of wellness aid for the occupants. The following tabular array defines the different province plans that are available to the uninsured and underinsured occupants in the province of California:Types of ProgramsDescriptionsAccess for Infants and Mothers ( AIM Program ) This is a plan that is province funded with low cost wellness insurance for low to middle income pregnant adult females and their neonates. CaliforniaKids This is a wellness attention foundation that provides subsidised wellness attention services to people of the ages 2-18. California Children ‘s Services ( CCS ) CCS is a province funded plan that treats kids with certain wellness and disablement jobs. County Medical Services Program ( CMSP ) CMSP is a county plan that helps people between the ages of 21-64. Merely certain California counties offer this plan. Family Pact Family treaty is a plan for planning and generative services. Healthy Families Health Families is a province plan that offers low cost wellness and dental insurance for kids in low income households. Medi-Cal Medi-Cal is a province and federal plan that is provided to people who qualify because of low or no income and/or for dearly-won disablements. RX Help for CA This is a plan for persons who do non hold prescription drug coverage. – ( Help for the uninsured, 2010 ) California offers many plans as shown. Medi-Cal is the largest plan that is accessed by the occupants. Medi-Cal helps many occupants of California wage for wellness attention services. This is both federally and province funded. The Medi-Cal plan is supported by federal and province revenue enhancements. To measure up for Medi-Cal the occupants of California must be under the age of 21 or over the age of 65 to measure up for Medi-Cal. If the applier applying is a married twosome ( one of the persons must be absent, deceased, temporarily or for good disabled, unemployed and/or working less than 100 hours per month ) they will merely associate if there is a minor kid in the family. Besides, any individual that may measure up for Medi-Cal regardless of age are those that are lawfully blind or are disabled and unable to work for a uninterrupted 12 months. Furthermore, if a individual has been assaulted and has pressed charges on the individual who committed the assault against them they will besides hold linkage for Medi-Cal. Since Medi-Cal is a federal/state funded plan, it does hold regulations and guidelines for the people desiring to entree it. Anyone using for Medi-Cal can non hold property/assets over two-thousand dollars. The province will reexamine assets for appliers by sing look intoing histories, nest eggs histories, stocks, bonds, 401K ‘S, retirement financess, places and vehicles as belongings. Each family gets one vehicle and one house exempt for belongings and besides anything that is considered an irrevokable trust. If the belongings is over $ 2000 a spend-down procedure will be required. If the family income is over a certain sum accounting for each income in the family there will be a portion of cost to hold Medi-Cal. If one is seeking long term attention, where one member of the family needs to populate in a long term attention installation and one partner is populating in the place, $ 111,560.00 is exempt for property/assets. Not everyone qualifies for Medi-Cal but is it available for the occupants who need this type of attention program and measure up for the linkage. In the province of California, there are over five million occupants that receive Medi-Cal. A true fact about Medi-Cal is that people do non even have to be United States Citizens to have these benefits. Some people who are having this aid are non even legal occupants in the United States. The undermentioned graphs show the Population Distribution by Ethnicity, Population Distribution by Language ( Primary Speaking Language ) and Population Distribution by Citizenship Status that have been compiled by the State of California. – ( Population Distribution by Ethnicity, January 2010 ) – ( Population Distribution by Ethnicity, January 2010 ) – ( Population Distribution by Citizenship Status, January 2010 ) After analyzing these graphs it clearly states the high use of Medi-Cal by linguistic communication, ethnicity and citizenship. The graph about citizenship shows that a individual can populate in the province of California and have Medi-Cal undocumented. Why the inquiry is asked about California traveling insolvent. California gives province and federal plans to undocumented foreigners. Counties in California besides contribute to the wellness attention system. San Mateo County is the 14th largest county in California. County broad there is a entire population of 754,285 people. San Mateo County offers six different plans to its occupants. These plans are Medi-Cal, CareAdvantage, HealthWorx, San Mateo Access and Care for Everyone ( ACE ) , Healthy Families, and Healthy Kids. The following table defines each:PlanDescriptionMedi-Cal Medi-Cal is for those who are ages 21 and younger and for those over the age of 65. Besides, those with disablements qualify for Medi-Cal. There are other regulations and judicial admissions that are involved in this plan. CareAdvantage CareAdvantage is a plan which combines Medicare and Medi-Cal benefits into one simple program. HealthWorx HealthWorx is for certain excess aid employees that are employed by San Mateo County, it is for In-Home Supportive Services ( IHSS ) workers employed by the San Mateo County Public Authority and for certain parttime employees of the City of San Mateo. San Mateo Access and Care for Everyone ( ACE ) San Mateo ACE is a plan for grownups age 21 through 64 who are non eligible for other province and federal insurance plans. The appliers must populate in San Mateo County, and have low-income. Legal residence position is required for ACE. Healthy Families Healthy Families is for uninsured kids from birth to age 19 who are non eligible for full range Medi-Cal or Healthy Kids. Eligibility depends on kid ‘s age, household size and income. United States citizenship or legal residence is besides required for this plan. Healthy Childs Healthy Kids is for uninsured kids from birth to age 19 who are non eligible for Medi-Cal and Healthy Families. Immigration position does non impact eligibility for Healthy Kids. Eligibility depends on household income. Families must populate in San Mateo County. Children are required to hold been uninsured for six months in order to measure up. In the county, 92,272 occupants benefit from one of these plans which are about one-seventh of the population. A huge bulk of occupants enrolled in these plans are Spanish talking merely. San Mateo County has great benefits for its occupants in demand and besides has a great not-for-profit infirmary that offers farther aid to those in demand and that do non measure up for any of these plans or may be uninsured or underinsured. Sutter Health was created in January 2006, when the amalgamation of Sacramento Mills-Peninsula Medical Services and California Health attention System decided to do a alteration in the wellness attention systems in California. Mills-Peninsula Medical Services is known as a non for net income organisation. Mills-Peninsula Medical Services is community owned, which has been thought to function the best for the patient ‘s demands and besides the communities in general. It is a known fact that patients treated at a for-profit or authorities owned infirmary are two to four times more likely to endure from a preventable inauspicious consequence than a patient who is treated at not-for-profit organisations ( Mills-Peninsula Medical Services, 2011 ) . The shareholders for Mills-Peninsula Medical Services are the communities. A great benefit to this is that at for-profit wellness systems have fiscal inducements to avoid caring for the uninsured and underinsured patients. They besides have a fiscal inducement to avoid difficult to function populations and unwanted geographic countries such as rural countries. In many of Northern California ‘s underserved rural venues, Mills-Peninsula Medical Services is the lone supplier of infirmary and exigency medical services in the community ( Mills-Peninsula Medical Services, 2011 ) . Mills-Peninsula Medical Services provides charity attention and particular plans to communities. The support of the community helps the organisation expand services, introduce new plans and better medical engineering. Mills-Peninsula Medical Services receives its support by federal grants, medical charities, medical insurance, and patients paying their measures. Due to the fact that there are many patients who are uninsured and who ca n't pay at that place measures, the ground for necessitating grants and charities are a important benefit for the wellness organisation. There have been generous contributions donated to the Mills-Peninsula Medical Services organisation ( Mills-Peninsula Medical Services, 2011 ) . Runing a not-for-profit organisation is entirely depended on its community. Mills-Peninsula Medical Services has given back on everything to its community since this is where the most financess are coming from. When the communities who are involved with the organisation dedicate themselves to those services the organisation in return can assist the communities by maintain up with the latest engineering, new accomplishments, and acquire the right specializer for the demands of all patients to see that the organisation is supplying the greatest wellness attention that is out at that place. Economic challenges in wellness attention affect the United States greatly. Uninsured and underinsured people mostly impact the societal and economical issues that are faced non merely in the province of California but besides in America. With America ‘s unemployment rates at its highest, it besides affects why citizens are populating with out run intoing their medical demands. Without the province of California supplying some kind of public aid to its occupants, these Numberss could be higher and have an even greater impact on the province than what they presently do. It is great that the Sutter Health affiliate, Mills-Peninsula Medical Services, a not-for-profit organisation besides provides support for the uninsured and underinsured occupants of San Mateo County. At this clip, the United States needs to implement some kind of aid to assist with run intoing all wellness attention demands for all persons or the figure and statistics that have been shown will maintain turning v astly.

The Oddysey Land of the Dead

Oddyseus started to seak to the spirits of the promising to sacrifice his best cow before she had her calve. Then he promised to sacrifice a black lamb whick was the finest in his heard. After promising to sacrifice the animals he did it. The spirits started to gather at the edge of Erebus, the place where the dead reside. The spirits included those of the young and the old; male and female. There were also many warriors who were still in possesion of their armor and weaponry. The spirits started to try to escape from the pit of Erebus. Oddyseus told his men to skin the animal that they had killed and make them into offering for Hades and Persephone, the god and godess of the dead who reside in the underworld. He sat waiting with his sword out to defend himself from the from the spirits until he noticed te presence of Tieresias, a blind prophet from Thebes, who came forward and spoke to Oddyseus. Tieresias asked him why he was in the land of the dead and to put down his sword. Then the prophet said that he wanted to taste the blood of the sacrifice he had made. Oddyseus stepped aside and sheathed his sword and the prophet bent down to drink. Tiereseus then tells him that anguish and hardship lie ahead and that poseidon is the one that will cause it because Oddyseus blinded his son Polyphemos the cyclops. He then says that Oddyseus will pass through a narrow straight that will take him home, and that Oddyseus will reach Thrinakia, the land of Helio's grazing cattle, where the sun god sees and hears everything. He says to avoid the cattle of the sun god and to stick with trying to get home, but if you butcher the cattle there will be destruction of ship and crew and only you will survive. Tiereseus then says that he will reach home on an unfamiliar ship only to find that men are in you home eating your food and trying to marry your wife. He then says that Oddyseus will kill these men either by stealth or open combat. He then tells Oddyseus that he will travel by land and sea to a landlocked place. The spot will be plain to you he says and the people will ask what kind of wheat sowing device you have. He tell Oddyseus that he will then jam the device, his oar, into the ground. Oddyseus is then told to make a sacrific to poseidon in the form of a ram, bull, buck boar. He tells Oddyseus to then go home and kill 100 pure cattle in the name of poseidon and all the gods. The final thing that Oddyseus is toldis that he will receive an easy death at sea will come to him when he is old, and then the prophet says that all that he has just said will be true as his journey home takes place.

Free Essays on Walt Disney

As Walt entered his mid-60s, he didn't seem to be slowing down. In fact, he appeared to be speeding up. He decided to create four exhibits for the 1964 World's Fair in New York. Why? So that he could experiment with new ideas particularly Audio-Animatronics while using other people's money. The Mr. Lincoln attraction he developed for the State of Illinois was one of the hits of the fair, and allowed him to take Audio-Animatronics a giant step forward. His other exhibits done for General Electric, Pepsi-Cola, and Ford were also hits at the fair. Meanwhile, he was working on other plans for the future: a ski resort called Mineral King was to be built near the Sequoia National Park. He considered a tourist site that might be called Walt Disney's Boyhood Home in Marceline, and even bought up properties there. Neither Mineral King nor Walt's Boyhood Home actually came into being. But his plans for a new kind of university were more successful. Declared Walt, "A completely new approach to training in the arts is needed. That's the principal thing I hope to leave when I move on to greener pastures. If I can help provide a place to develop the talent of the future, I think I will have accomplished something." He certainly did. Dubbed CalArts, an amalgamation of the Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music, it would educate students in all facets of the arts dance, music, drama, visual arts, and film. CalArts opened in 1961 and has been growing ever since. But though Walt was excited about all of these efforts, their scope paled in comparison to the so-called Florida Project a gigantic effort set for an area twice the size of Manhattan Island in the middle of Florida. The Chouinard Art Institute, merged with the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music, became CalArts Walt points to the sheer scale of his vast "Florida Project" Of course the Florida Project would include a theme park lik... Free Essays on Walt Disney Free Essays on Walt Disney As Walt entered his mid-60s, he didn't seem to be slowing down. In fact, he appeared to be speeding up. He decided to create four exhibits for the 1964 World's Fair in New York. Why? So that he could experiment with new ideas particularly Audio-Animatronics while using other people's money. The Mr. Lincoln attraction he developed for the State of Illinois was one of the hits of the fair, and allowed him to take Audio-Animatronics a giant step forward. His other exhibits done for General Electric, Pepsi-Cola, and Ford were also hits at the fair. Meanwhile, he was working on other plans for the future: a ski resort called Mineral King was to be built near the Sequoia National Park. He considered a tourist site that might be called Walt Disney's Boyhood Home in Marceline, and even bought up properties there. Neither Mineral King nor Walt's Boyhood Home actually came into being. But his plans for a new kind of university were more successful. Declared Walt, "A completely new approach to training in the arts is needed. That's the principal thing I hope to leave when I move on to greener pastures. If I can help provide a place to develop the talent of the future, I think I will have accomplished something." He certainly did. Dubbed CalArts, an amalgamation of the Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music, it would educate students in all facets of the arts dance, music, drama, visual arts, and film. CalArts opened in 1961 and has been growing ever since. But though Walt was excited about all of these efforts, their scope paled in comparison to the so-called Florida Project a gigantic effort set for an area twice the size of Manhattan Island in the middle of Florida. The Chouinard Art Institute, merged with the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music, became CalArts Walt points to the sheer scale of his vast "Florida Project" Of course the Florida Project would include a theme park lik... Free Essays on Walt Disney -BIOGRAPHY During a 43-year Hollywood career, which spanned the development of the motion picture medium as a modern American art, Walter Elias Disney, a modern Aesop, established himself and his product as a genuine part of Americana. David Low, the late British political cartoonist, called Disney "the most significant figure in graphic arts since Leonardo DaVinci." A pioneer and innovator, and the possessor of one of the most fertile imaginations the world has ever known, Walt Disney, along with members of his staff, received more than 950 honors and citations from every nation in the world, including 48 Academy Awards and 7 Emmys in his lifetime. Walt Disney's personal awards included honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, the University of Southern California and UCLA; the Presidential Medal of Freedom; France's Legion of Honor and Officer d'Academie decorations; Thailand's Order of the Crown; Brazil's Order of the Southern Cross; Mexico's Order of the Aztec Eagle; and the Showman of the Worl d Award from the National Association of Theatre Owners. The creator of Mickey Mouse and founder of Disneyland and Walt Disney World was born in Chicago, Illinois, on December 5, 1901. His father, Elias Disney, was an Irish-Canadian. His mother, Flora Call Disney, was of German-American descent. Walt was one of five children, four boys and a girl. Raised on a farm near Marceline, Missouri, Walt became interested in drawing at an early age, selling his first sketches to neighbors when he was only seven years old. At McKinley High School in Chicago, Disney divided his attention between drawing and photography, contributing both to the school paper. At night he attended the Academy of Fine Arts. During the fall of 1918, Disney attempted to enlist for military service. Rejected because he was only 16 years of age, Walt joined the Red Cross and was sent overseas, where he spent a year driving an ambulance and chauffeuring Red Cross official...

Varying Approaches for Principled Eclecticism for ESL

Varying Approaches for Principled Eclecticism for ESL A few years ago I was introduced to principled eclecticism as a means of establishing ESL/EFL class objectives. Basically, principled eclecticism refers to the use of various teaching styles in a discriminating manner as required by learner needs and styles. Applying Principled Eclectisim While this loose approach may sound either ideal or simplistic depending on your point of view, it requires a basic grasp of some of the principle schools of thought as a means of getting an overview of issues directly related to satisfying learners needs. In a nutshell, the application of principled eclecticism proceeds by first addressing the issue of learners needs and styles. Once these two basic elements have been evaluated, the teacher can develop a needs analysis which can then be used to develop the course syllabus. Definitions Interlanguage Skill: A scala of languages that fit the level of the students language skill at any moment. In other words, there are many levels of speaking a language each of which can be sufficient for a given student.Comprehensible Input: Originated by Krashen, the core of this idea is that if we do not understand the input we cannot learn.Negotiation of Meaning: Interactional hypothesis that states that learning comes about in the moment of exchange between a native speaker and a non-native speaker.Product Oriented Approach: The accumulation of bits and pieces of a language (for example, learning tenses and doing exercises based on correct tense usage). Example Cases The following two cases give examples of the process involved in applying this approach to different types of classes. Class 1 Needs and Styles Age: young adults from 21-30Nationality: class of German students located in GermanyLearning Styles: college educated, familiarity with a  product-oriented approach to learning a language, widely traveled and familiarity with other European cultures.Goals: First Certificate Examination at end of courseInterlanguage Skills: all students can communicate in English and accomplish most common language tasks (i.e., completing day-to-day tasks in a native speaker society, telephone, expressing viewpoints, etc.), higher level complexity such as writing essays, expressing complex arguments in fine detail is next desired step.Course Duration: 100 hours Approach As the First Certificate Examination is the goal of the course and there is a limited number of hours, the course will have to often employ a deductive (i.e., teacher-centered, book learning) approach in order to complete all the grammatical tasks required by the examination.Students are very familiar with traditional learning approaches such as grammar charts, drill exercises, etc. In this case, awareness raising concerning basic language patterns will not be necessary. However, as the students are quite young and most fresh out of college, they may have to be helped to understand and accept more innovative (i.e., inductive) approaches to learning (i.e., role-playing for improving speaking skills, general class discussions with little or no correction) as they are probably used to more goal-oriented study situations.As the First Certificate Exam includes many authentic materials, students will benefit greatly from exercises that focus on the negotiation of meaning. This negotiation of meaning is a type of interactional learning that comes about in the moment of exchange with a native speaker context that requires the learner to negotiate meaning thereby expanding his language skills. Objectives of the First Certificate Examination will be the overriding factor in the determination of class activities. In other words, activities based on Neuro Linguistic Programming may not be desirable as this approach to teaching focuses on a holistic learning method, which, unfortunately, may not provide all the bits and pieces required to complete the examination exercises such as sentence transformation.As the course duration is limited and the objectives are many, there will be little time for experiments and fun activities. Work needs to be focused and principally goal oriented. Class 2 Needs and Styles Age: immigrant adults from 30-65Nationalities: a variety of countriesLearning Styles: most of the class has had little secondary education and has not studied languages formallyGoals: Basic ESL skills for everyday usage and job acquisitionInterlanguage Skills: basic tasks such as ordering a meal and making a telephone call are still difficultCourse Duration: 2-month intensive course meeting four times weekly for two hours Approach The approach to teaching this class is dictated by two principal factors: need for real world skills, lack of background in traditional learning stylesPragmatic functional English is of prime importance. Luckily, the course is intensive and provides the perfect opportunity for intensive role-playing and real world game activities.As students are immigrants and a native speaker environment is at hand, teaching can also take place by bringing the real world into the classroom and/or - even more preferably - taking the classroom out into the real world.Low-level English skills mean that comprehensible input will play a great role in the success or failure of the class. Considering the low level of interlanguage skill, students desperately need the teacher to help them by filtering experiences into a comprehensible form so that they may make sense of situations that are too difficult if faced on a strictly authentic level.Learning by process will be of great importance. The positive side of low-level education is that students are not attached to traditional learning methods such as grammar charts, exercises, etc. The use of holistic learning approaches can be very effective as students will not have any pre-conceived notions about what learning should be like.

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history Essay

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history - Essay Example In my reading of history I have found that the meaning of history is different for different people.In other words any history,which includes also the postcolonial one,has a subjective meaning for the individual.However,an objective approach to history can unlock the impasse of interpretation of history to the reasonable satisfaction of all people.I have observed that the tone of eulogy that characterized the early writers in the heyday of colonization has given way to less buoyant enthusiasm in the postcolonial literature after the liquidation of the empire. I should think that the Postcolonial writer now expresses his authentic subjective experience, not only of the colonial past, but also his perception of the aftermath of colonization.History is important in Postcolonial studies because it fixes the parameters for inclusion or exclusion the sources that we should study. Experience of a historical colonial past and the literature that reflects this is included as the canonical wor ks for study. However, many argue that the colonial past though politically over is actually present because of the overwhelming influence still exerted by former rulers on their former colonies. Some others argue that colonization is still a reality as some powerful nations still exercise political power from a distance through their conglomerates.1 There is a school of thought that argues that colonial experience is universal in human history because some time in the remote or recent past most countries or peoples had the experience of being subjugated by another powerful people.2 What is Postcolonial I feel that it is necessary to have a clear idea of the term Postcolonial. It became prominent terminology in academic parlance with the publication of Edward Said' vehement critique of western ideas of the Orient in his work Orientalism. His work highlights the inaccuracies of a wide variety of assumptions accepted on individual, academic and political levels. It is a mirror image of what is inferior and alien to the west (Said 1978). According to Said a historian and a scholar should see the diversity of culture and allow room for a dynamic variety of human experience. However, I find that Said was insistent about the essential difference between the orient and the occident. So I feel that in spite of the stereotype that European perception has of the orient there is different subjective perception of one another. In this context it is desirable to read Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. From this we get a proper insight into the colonial mind.3 With the appearance in 1989 of the work The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, Postcolonial studies became a branch of study by itself and earlier terms like Colonial Literature, Commonwealth Literature and Third World Literature were replaced by Postcolonial. However many do not consider the term suitable. In fact some use term to signify a stand against Imperialism and Euro- centrism often surprisingly ante-Americanism. In this context I wish to compare and contrast the perspective of earlier writers who were conscious or unconscious appendages of the Raj by examining the work, In an Antique Land by Amitav Ghosh.4 Is American Experience Part of Postcolonialism Americas were one of the earliest scenes of European colonial adventure. The American expansion at the cost of the native American population is one of the saddest chapters of world history. Similarly the flourishing slave trade and the vestiges of which remained in our recent memory makes the America all the more a part of essential colonial experience. The white chroniclers of European explorations cinemetically focussed on what they saw through a single lense. However the Postcolonial historians capture the quite mystique of the discovery of the unfolding virgin America with the eyes of the natives Americans also.This